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he name）。 The beaming Apollo was； moreover； called the 〃Unshaven；〃 and Minos cannot conquer the solar hero； Nisos； until the latter loses his golden hair。 In Arabic 〃Shams…on〃 means the sun； and Samson had seven locks of hair； the number of the planetary bodies。 In view of the foregoing facts it seems quite possible that the majority of depilatory processes on the scalp originated in sun…worship； and through various phases and changes in religions were perpetuated to the Middle Ages。 Charles Martel sent Pepin； his son； to Luithprand； king of the Lombards； that he might cut his first locks； and by this ceremony hold for the future the place of his illustrious father。 To make peace with Alaric； Clovis became his adopted son by offering his beard to be cut。 Among the Caribs the hair constituted their chief pride； and it was considered unequivocal proof of the sincerity of their sorrow； when on the death of a relative they cut their hair short。 Among the Hebrews shaving of the head was a funeral rite； and among the Greeks and Romans the hair was cut short in mourning； either for a relative or for a celebrated personage。 According to Krehl the Arabs also had such customs。 Spencer mentions that during an eruption in Hawaii； 〃King Kamahameha cut off part of his own hair〃 。 。 。 〃and threw it into the torrent （of lava）。〃
The Tonga regarded the pubic hairs as under the special care of the devil； and with great ceremony made haste to remove them。 The female inhabitants of some portions of the coast of Guinea remove the pubic hairs as fast as they appear。 A curious custom of Mohammedan ladies after marriage is to rid themselves of the hirsute appendages of the pubes。 Depilatory ointments are employed； consisting of equal parts of slaked lime and arsenic made into a paste with rose…water。 It is said that this important ceremony is not essential in virgins。 One of the ceremonies of assuming the toga virilis among the indigenous Australians consists in submitting to having each particular hair plucked singly from the body； the candidate being required not to display evidences of pain during the operation。 Formerly the Japanese women at marriage blackened their teeth and shaved or pulled out their eyebrows。
The custom of boring the ear is very old； mention of it being made in Exodus xxi。； 5 and 6； in which we find that if a Hebrew servant served for six years； his freedom was optional； but if he plainly said that he loved his master； and his wife and children； and did not desire to leave their house； the master should bring him before the judges； and according to the passage in Exodus； 〃he shall also bring him to the door or unto the doorpost； and his master shall bore his ear through with an awl； and he shall serve him forever。〃 All the Burmese； says Sangermano； without exception； have the custom of boring their ears。 The days when the operations were performed were kept as festivals。 The ludicrous custom of piercing the ears for the wearing of ornaments； typical of savagery and found in all indigenous African tribes； is universally prevalent among our own people。
The extremists in this custom are the Botocudos； who represent the most cruel and ferocious of the Brazilian tribes； and who especially cherish a love for cannibalism。 They have a fondness for disfiguring themselves by inserting in the lower parts of their ears and in their under lips variously shaped pieces of wood ornaments called peleles； causing enormous protrusion of the under lip and a repulsive wide mouth； as shown in Figure 230。
Tattooing is a peculiar custom originating in various ways。 The materials used are vermilion； indigo； carbon； or gunpowder。 At one time this custom was used in the East to indicate caste and citizenship。 Both sexes of the Sandwich Islanders have a peculiar tattooed mark indicative of their tribe or district。 Among the Uapes； one tribe； the Tucanoes； have three vertical blue lines。 Among other people tattooed marks indicated servility； and Boyle says the Kyans； Pakatans； and Kermowits alone； among the Borneo people； practised tattooing； and adds that these races are the least esteemed for bravery。 Of the Fijians the women alone are tattooed； possibly as a method of adornment。
The tattooing of the people of Otaheite； seen by Cook； was surmised by him to have a religious significance； as it presented in many instances 〃squares； circles； crescents； and ill…designed representations of men and dogs。〃 Every one of these people was tattooed upon reaching majority。 According to Carl Bock； among the Dyaks of Borneo all of the married women were tattooed on the hands and feet； and sometimes on the thighs。 The decoration is one of the privileges of matrimony； and is not permitted to unmarried girls。 Andrew Lang says of the Australian tribes that the Wingong or the Totem of each man is indicated by a tattooed representation of it on his flesh。 The celebrated American traveler； Carpenter； remarks that on his visit to a great prison in Burmah； which contains more than 3000 men； he saw 6000 tattooed legs。 The origin of the custom he was unable to find out； but in Burmah tattooing was a sign of manhood； and professional tattooers go about with books of designs； each design warding off some danger。 Bourke quotes that among the Apaches…Yumas of Arizona the married women are distinguished by several blue lines running from the lower lip to the chin； and he remarks that when a young woman of this tribe is anxious to become a mother she tattoos the figure of a child on her forehead。 After they marry Mojave girls tattoo the chin with vertical blue lines； and when an Eskimo wife has her face tattooed with lamp…black she is regarded as a matron in society。 The Polynesians have carried this dermal art to an extent which is unequaled by any other people； and it is universally practiced among them。 Quoted by Burke； Sullivan states that the custom of tattooing continued in England and Ireland down to the seventh century。 This was the tattooing with the woad。 Fletcher remarks that at one time； about the famous shrine of Our Lady of Loretto； were seen professional tattooers； who for a small sum of money would produce a design commemorative of the pilgrim's visit to the shrine。 A like profitable industry is pursued in Jerusalem。
Universal tattooing in some of the Eastern countries is used as a means of criminal punishment； the survival of the persecuted individual being immaterial to the torturers； as he would be branded for life and ostracized if he recovered。 Illustrative of this O'Connell tells of a case in Hebra's clinic。 The patient； a man five feet nine inches in height； was completely tattooed from head to foot with all sorts of devices； such as elephants； birds； lions； etc。； and across his forehead； dragons。 Not a square of even a quarter inch had been exempt from the process。 According to his tale this man had been a leader of a band of Greek robbers； organized to invade Chinese Tartary； and； together with an American and a Spaniard； was ordered by the ruler of the invaded province to be branded in this manner as a criminal。 It took three months' continuous work to carry out this sentence； during which his comrades succumbed to the terrible agonies。 During t