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rk to carry out this sentence； during which his comrades succumbed to the terrible agonies。 During the entire day for this extended period indigo was pricked in this unfortunate man's skin。 Accounts such as this have been appropriated by exhibitionists； who have caused themselves to be tattooed merely for mercenary purposes。 The accompanying illustration represents the appearance of a 〃tattooed man〃 who exhibited himself。 He claimed that his tattooing was done by electricity。 The design showing on his back is a copy of a picture of the Virgin Mary surrounded by 31 angels。
The custom of tattooing the arms； chest； or back is quite prevalent； and particularly among sailors and soldiers。 The sequences of this custom are sometimes quite serious。 Syphilis has been frequently contracted in this manner； and Maury and Dulles have collected 15 cases of syphilis acquired in tattooing。 Cheinisse reports the case of a young blacksmith who had the emblems of his trade tattooed upon his right forearm。 At the end of forty days small； red； scaly elevations appeared at five different points in the tattooed area。 These broke down and formed ulcers。 When examined these ulcers presented the peculiarities of chancres； and there was upon the body of the patient a well…marked syphilitic roseola。 It was ascertained that during the tattooing the operator had moistened the ink with his own saliva。
Hutchinson exhibited drawings and photographs showing the condition of the arms of two boys suffering from tuberculosis of the skin； who had been inoculated in the process of tattooing。 The tattooing was done by the brother of one of the lads who was in the last stages of phthisis； and who used his own saliva to mix the pigment。 The cases were under the care of Murray of Tottenham； by whom they had been previously reported。 Williams has reported the case of a militiamen of seventeen who； three days after an extensive tattooing of the left forearm； complained of pain； swelling； and tenderness of the left wrist。 A day later acute left…sided pneumonia developed； but rapidly subsided。 The left shoulder； knee； and ankle were successively involved in the inflammation； and a cardiac bruit developed。 Finally chorea developed as a complication； limited for a time to the left side； but shortly spreading to the right； where rheumatic inflammation was attacking the joints。 The last； however； quickly subsided； leaving a general； though mild chorea and a permanently damaged heart。
Infibulation of the male and female external genital organs for the prevention of sexual congress is a very ancient custom。 The Romans infibulated their singers to prevent coitus； and consequent change in the voice； and pursued the same practice with their actors and dancers。 According to Celsus； Mercurialis； and others； the gladiators were infibulated to guard against the loss of vigor by sexual excesses。 In an old Italian work there is a figure of an infibulated musiciana little bronze statue representing a lean individual tortured or deformed by carrying an enormous ring through the end of the penis。 In one of his pleasantries Martial says of these infibulated singers that they sometimes break their rings and fail to place them back〃et cujus refibulavit turgidum faber peruem。〃 Heinsius considers Agamemnon cautious when he left Demodocus near Clytemnestra； as he remarks that Demodocus was infibulated。 For such purposes as the foregoing infibulation offered a more humane method than castration。
Infibulation by a ring in the prepuce was used to prevent premature copulation； and was in time to be removed； but in some cases its function was the preservation of perpetual chastity。 Among some of the religious mendicants in India there were some who were condemned to a life of chastity； and； in the hotter climates； where nudity was the custom； these persons traveled about exposing an enormous preputial ring； which was looked upon with adoration by devout women。 It is said these holy persons were in some places so venerated that people came on their knees； and bowing below the ring； asked forgivenesspossibly for sexual excesses。
Rhodius mentions the usage of infibulation in antiquity； and Fabricius d'Aquapendente remarks that infibulation was usually practiced in females for the preservation of chastity。 No Roman maiden was able to preserve her virginity during participation in the celebrations in the Temples of Venus； the debauches of Venus and Mars； etc。； wherein vice was authorized by divine injunction； for this reason the lips of the vagina were closed by rings of iron； copper； or silver； so joined as to hinder coitus； but not prevent evacuation。 Different sized rings were used for those of different ages。 Although this device provided against the coitus； the maiden was not free from the assaults of the Lesbians。 During the Middle Ages； in place of infibulation； chastity…girdles were used； and in the Italian girdles； such as the one exhibited in the Musee Cluny in Paris； both the anus and vulva were protected by a steel covering perforated for the evacuations。 In the Orient； particularly in India and Persia； according to old travelers； the labia were sewed together； allowing but a small opening for excretions。 Buffon and Brown mention infibulation in Abyssinia； the parts being separated by a bistoury at the time of marriage。 In Circassia the women were protected by a copper girdle or a corset of hide and skin which； according to custom； only the husband could undo。 Peney speaks of infibulation for the preservation of chastity； as observed by him in the Soudan。 Among the Nubians this operation was performed at about the age of eight with great ceremony； and when the time for marriage approached the vulva had to be opened by incision。 Sir Richard Buxton； a distinguished traveler； also speaks of infibulation； and； according to him； at the time of the marriage ceremony the male tries to prove his manhood by using only Nature's method and weapon to consummate the marriage； but if he failed he was allowed artificial aid to effect entrance。 Sir Samuel Baker is accredited in The Lancet with giving an account in Latin text of the modus operandi of a practice among the Nubian women of removing the clitoris and nymphae in the young girl； and abrading the adjacent walls of the external labia so that they would adhere and leave only a urethral aperture。
This ancient custom of infibulation is occasionally seen at the present day in civilized countries； and some cases of infibulation from jealousy are on record。 There is mentioned； as from the Leicester Assizes； the trial of George Baggerly for execution of a villainous design on his wife。 In jealousy he 〃had sewed up her private parts。〃 Recently； before the New York Academy of Medicine； Collier reported a case of pregnancy in a woman presenting nympha…infibulation。 The patient sought the physician's advice in the summer of 1894； while suffering from uterine disease； and being five weeks pregnant。 She was a German woman of twenty…eight； had been married several years； and was the mother of several children。 Collier examined her and observed two holes in the nymphae。 When he asked her concerning these； she reluctantly told him that she had been compel