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particularly handsome features； some are marked with scarred lines； inflicted as signs of courage。
Cosmetic Mutilations。In modern times there have been individuals expert in removing facial deformities； and by operations of various kinds producing pleasing dimples or other artificial signs of beauty。 We have seen an apparatus advertised to be worn on the nose during the night for the purpose of correcting a disagreeable contour of this organ。 A medical description of the artificial manufacture of dimples is as follows：〃The modus operandi was to make a puncture in the skin where the dimple was required； which would not be noticed when healed； and； with a very delicate instrument； remove a portion of the muscle。 Inflammation was then excited in the skin over the subcutaneous pit； and in a few days the wound； if such it may be called； was healed； and a charming dimple was the result。〃 It is quite possible that some of our modern operators have overstepped the bounds of necessity； and performed unjustifiable plastic operations to satisfy the vanity of their patients。
Dobrizhoffer says of the Abipones that boys of seven pierce their little arms in imitation of their parents。 Among some of the indigenous Australians it is quite customary for ridged and linear scars to be self…inflicted。 In Tanna the people produce elevated scars on the arms and chests。 Bancroft recites that family…marks of this nature existed among the Cuebas of Central America； refusal being tantamount to rebellion。 Schomburgk tells that among the Arawaks； after a Mariquawi dance； so great is their zeal for honorable scars； the blood will run down their swollen calves； and strips of skin and muscle hang from the mangled limbs。 Similar practices rendered it necessary for the United States Government to stop some of the ceremonial dances of the Indians under their surveillance。
A peculiar custom among savages is the amputation of a finger as a sacrifice to a deity。 In the tribe of the Dakotas the relatives of a dead chief pacified his spirit by amputating a finger。 In a similar way； during his initiation； the young Mandan warrior； 〃holding up the little finger of his left hand to the Great Spirit；〃 。 。 〃expresses his willingness to give it as a sacrifice； and he lays it on the dried buffalo skull； when another chops it off near the hand with a blow of the hatchet。〃 According to Mariner the natives of Tonga cut off a portion of the little finger as a sacrifice to the gods for the recovery of a superior sick relative。 The Australians have a custom of cutting off the last joint of the little finger of females as a token of submission to powerful beings alive and dead。 A Hottentot widow who marries a second time must have the distal joint of her little finger cut off； another joint is removed each time she remarries。
Among the mutilations submitted to on the death of a king or chief in the Sandwich Islands； Cook mentions in his 〃Voyages〃 the custom of knocking out from one to four front teeth。
Among the Australian tribes the age of virility and the transition into manhood is celebrated by ceremonial customs； in which the novices are subjected to minor mutilations。 A sharp bone is used for lancing their gums； while the throw…stick is used for knocking out a tooth。 Sometimes； in addition to this crude dentistry； the youth is required to submit to cruel gashes cut upon his back and shoulders； and should he flinch or utter any cry of pain he is always thereafter classed with women。 Haygarth writes of a semi…domesticated Australian who said one day； with a look of importance； that he must go away for a few days； as he had grown to man's estate； and it was high time he had his teeth knocked out。 It is an obligatory rite among various African tribes to lose two or more of their front teeth。 A tradition among certain Peruvians was that the Conqueror Huayna Coapae made a law that they and their descendants should have three front teeth pulled out in each jaw。 Cieza speaks of another tradition requiring the extraction of the teeth of children by their fathers as a very acceptable service to their gods。 The Damaras knock out a wedge…shaped gap between two of their front teeth； and the natives of Sierra Leone file or chip their teeth after the same fashion。
Depilatory customs are very ancient； and although minor in extent are still to be considered under the heading of mutilations。 The giving of hair to the dead as a custom； has been perpetuated through many tribes and nations。 In Euripides we find Electra admonishing Helen for sparing her locks； and thereby defrauding the dead。 Alexander the Great shaved his locks in mourning for his friend； Hephaestion； and it was supposed that his death was hastened by the sun's heat on his bare head after his hat blew off at Babylon。 Both the Dakota Indians and the Caribs maintain the custom of sacrificing hair to the dead。 In Peru the custom was varied by pulling out eyelashes and eyebrows and presenting them to the sun； the hills； etc。 It is said this custom is still in continuance。 When Clovis was visited by the Bishop of Toulouse he gave him a hair from his beard and was imitated by his followers。 In the Arthurian legends we find 〃Then went Arthur to Caerleon； and thither came messages from King Ryons who said； 'even kings have done me homage； and with their beards I have trimmed a mantle。 Send me now thy beard； for there lacks yet one to the finishing of the mantle。' 〃 The association between short hair and slavery arose from the custom of taking hair from the slain。 It existed among the Greeks and Romans； and was well known among the indigenous tribes of this continent。 Among the Shoshones he who took the most scalps gained the most glory。
In speaking of the prisoners of the Chicimecs Bancroft says they were often scalped while yet alive； and the bloody trophies placed on the heads of their tormentors。 In this manner we readily see that long hair among the indigenous tribes and various Orientals； Ottomans； Greeks； Franks； Goths； etc。； was considered a sign of respect and honor。 The respect and preservation of the Chinese queue is well known in the present day。 Wishing to divide their brother's kingdom； Clothair and Childebert consulted whether to cut off the hair of their nephews； the rightful successors； so as to reduce them to the rank of subjects； or to kill them。 The gods of various people； especially the greater gods； were distinguished by their long beards and flowing locks。 In all pictures Thor and Samson were both given long hair； and the belief in strength and honor from long hair is proverbial。 Hercules is always pictured with curls。 According to Goldzhier； long locks of hair and a long beard are mythologic attributes of the sun。 The sun's rays are compared to long locks or hairs on the face of the sun。 When the sun sets and leaves his place to the darkness； or when the powerful summer sun is succeeded by the weak rays of the winter sun； then Samson's long locks； through which alone his strength remains； are cut off by the treachery of his deceitful concubine Delilah （the languishing； according to the meaning of the name）。 The beaming Apollo was； moreover； called the 〃Unshaven；〃 and Minos cannot conquer the sola