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Complete absence of the ovaries is seldom seen； but there are instances in which one of the ovaries is missing。 Hunter； Vidal； and Chaussier report in full cases of the absence of the ovaries； and Thudicum has collected 21 cases of this nature。 Morgagni； Pears； and Cripps have published observations in which both ovaries were said to have been absent。 Cripps speaks of a young girl of eighteen who had an infantile uterus and no ovaries； she neither menstruated nor had any signs of puberty。 Lauth cites the case of a woman whose ovaries and uterus were rudimentary； and who exhibited none of the principal physiologic characteristics of her sex； on the other hand； Ruband describes a woman with only rudimentary ovaries who was very passionate and quite feminine in her aspect。
At one time the existence of genuine supernumerary ovaries was vigorously disputed； and the older records contain no instances； but since the researches of Beigel； Puech； Thudicum； Winckler； de Sinety； and Paladino the presence of multiple ovaries is an incontestable fact。 It was originally thought that supernumerary ovaries as well as supernumerary kidneys were simply segmentations of the normal organs and connected to them by portions of the proper substance； now； however； by the recent reports we are warranted in admitting these anomalous structures as distinct organs。 It has even been suggested that it is the persistence of these ovaries that causes the menstruation of which we sometimes hear as taking place after ovariotomy。 Sippel records an instance of third ovary； Mangiagalli has found a supernumerary ovary in the body of a still…born child； situated to the inner side of the normal organ。 Winckel discovered a large supernumerary ovary connected to the uterus by its own ovarian ligament。 Klebs found two ovaries on one side； both consisting of true ovarian tissue； and connected by a band 3/5 inch long。
Doran divides supernumerary ovaries into three classes：
（1） The ovarium succentauriatum of Beigel。
（2） Those cases in which two masses of ovarian tissue are separated by ligamentous bands。
（3） Entirely separate organs； as in Winckel's case。
Prolapsus or displacement of the ovaries into the culdesac of Douglas； the vaginal wall； or into the rectum can be readily ascertained by the resulting sense of nausea； particularly in defecation or in coitus。 Munde； Barnes； Lentz； Madden； and Heywood Smith report instances； and Cloquet describes an instance of inguinal hernia of the ovary in which the uterus as well as the Fallopian tube were found in the inguinal canal。 Debierre mentions that Puech has gathered 88 instances of inguinal hernia of the ovary and 14 of the crural type； and also adds that Otte cites the only instance in which crural ovarian hernia has been found on both sides。 Such a condition with other associate malformations of the genitalia might easily be mistaken for an instance of hermaphroditic testicles。
The Fallopian tubes are rarely absent on either side； although Blasius reports an instance of deficient oviducts。 Blot reports a case of atrophy； or rather rudimentary state of one of the ovaries； with absence of the tube on that side； in a woman of forty。
Doran has an instance of multiple Fallopian tubes； and Richard； in 1861； says several varieties are noticed。 These tubes are often found fused or adherent to the ovary or to the uterus； but Fabricius describes the symphysis of the Fallopian tube with the rectum。
Absence of the uterus is frequently reported。 Lieutaud and Richerand are each said to have dissected female subjects in whom neither the uterus nor its annexed organs were found。 Many authors are accredited with mentioning instances of defective or deficient uteri； among them Bosquet； Boyer； Walther； Le Fort； Calori； Pozzi； Munde； and Strauch。 Balade has reported a curious absence of the uterus and vagina in a girl of eighteen。 Azem； Bastien； Bibb； Bovel； Warren； Ward； and many others report similar instances； and in several cases all the adnexa as well as the uterus and vagina were absent； and even the kidney and bladder malformed。
Phillips speaks of two sisters； both married； with congenital absence of the uterus。 In his masterly article on 〃Heredity；〃 Sedgwick quotes an instance of total absence of the uterus in three out of five daughters of the same family； two of the three were twice married。
Double uterus is so frequently reported that an enumeration of the cases would occupy several pages。 Bicorn； bipartite； duplex； and double uteruses are so called according to the extent of the duplication。 The varieties range all the way from slight increase to two distinct uteruses； with separate appendages and two vaginae。 Meckel； Boehmer； and Callisen are among the older writers who have observed double uterus with associate double vagina。 Figure 150 represents a transverse section of a bipartite uterus with a double vagina。 The so…called uterus didelphus is really a duplex uterus； or a veritable double uterus； each segment having the appearance of a complete unicorn uterus more or less joined to its neighbor。 Vallisneri relates the history of a woman who was poisoned by cantharides who had two uteruses； one opening into the vagina； the other into the rectum。 Morand； Bartholinus； Tiedemann； Ollivier； Blundell； and many others relate instances of double uterus in which impregnation had occurred； the fetus being retained until the full term。
Purcell of Dublin says that in the summer of 1773 he opened the body of a woman who died in the ninth month of pregnancy。 He found a uterus of ordinary size and form as is usual at this period of gestation； which contained a full…grown fetus； but only one ovary attached to a single Fallopian tube。 On the left side he found a second uterus； unimpregnated and of usual size； to which another ovary and tube were attached。 Both of these uteruses were distinct and almost entirely separate。
Pregnancy with Double Uterus。Hollander describes the following anomaly of the uterus which he encountered during the performance of a celiotomy：
〃There were found two uteruses； the posterior one being a normal organ with its adnexa； connected with this uterus was another one； anterior to it。 The two uteruses had a common cervix； the anterior of the two organs had no adnexa； though there were lateral peritoneal ligaments； it had become pregnant。〃 Hollander explains the anomaly by stating that probably the Mullerian ducts or one of them had grown excessively； leading to a folding off of a portion which developed into the anterior uterus。
Other cases of double uterus with pregnancy are mentioned on page 49。
When there is simultaneous pregnancy in each portion of a double uterus a complication of circumstances arises。 Debierre quotes an instance of a woman who bore one child on July 16； 1870； and another on October 31st of the same year； and both at full term。 She had only had three menstrual periods between the confinements。 The question as to whether a case like this would be one of superfetation in a normal uterus； or whether the uterus was double； would immediately arise。 There would also be the possibility that one of the children was of protracted gestation or that the other was