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ximation to the genitals of the anthropoid apes； among whom the orang…outang alone shows any tendency to formation of the labia majora。
The labial appendages of the Hottentot female have been celebrated for many years。 Blumenbach and others of the earlier travelers found that the apron…like appearance of the genitals of the Hottentot women was due to abnormal hypertrophy of the labia and nymphae。 According to John Knott； the French traveler； Le Vaillant； said that the more coquettish among the Hottentot girls are excited by extreme vanity to practice artificial elongation of the nympha and labia。 They are said to pull and rub these parts； and even to stretch them by hanging weights to them。 Some of them are said to spend several hours a day at this process； which is considered one of the important parts of the toilet of the Hottentot belle； this malformation being an attraction for the male members of the race。 Merensky says that in Basutoland the elder women begin to practice labial manipulation on their female children shortly after infancy； and Adams has found this custom to prevail in Dahomey； he says that the King's seraglio includes 3000 members； the elect of his female subjects； all of whom have labia up to the standard of recognized length。 Cameron found an analogous practice among the women of the shores of Lake Tanganyika。 The females of this nation manipulated the skin of the lower part of the abdomens of the female children from infancy； and at puberty these women exhibit a cutaneous curtain over the genitals which reaches half…way down the thighs。
A corresponding development of the preputian clitorides； attaining the length of 18 mm。 or even more； has been observed among the females of Bechuanaland。 The greatest elongation measured by Barrow was five inches； but it is quite probable that it was not possible for him to examine the longest； as the females so gifted generally occupied very high social positions。
Morgagni describes a supernumerary left nympha； and Petit is accredited with seeing a case which exhibited neither nymphae； clitoris； nor urinary meatus。 Mauriceau performed nymphotomy on a woman whose nymphae were so long as to render coitus difficult。 Morand quotes a case of congenital malformation of the nymphae； to which he attributed impotency。
There is sometimes coalition of the labia and nymphae； which may be so firm and extensive as to obliterate the vulva。 Debout has reported a case of absence of the vulva in a woman of twenty upon whom he operated； which was the result of the fusion of the labia minora； and this with an enlarged clitoris gave the external appearance of an hermaphrodite。
The absence of the clitoris coincides with epispadias in the male； and in atrophy of the vulva it is common to find the clitoris rudimentary； but a more frequent anomaly is hypertrophy of the clitoris。
Among the older authorities quoting instances of enlarged clitorides are Bartholinus； Schenck； Hellwig； Rhodius； Riolanus； and Zacchias。 Albucasis describes an operation for enlarged clitoris； Chabert ligated one； and Riedlin gives an instance of an enlarged clitoris； in which there appeared a tumor synchronous with the menstrual epoch。
We learn from the classics that there were certain females inhabiting the borders of the Aegean Sea who had a sentimental attachment for one another which was called 〃Lesbian love；〃 and which carried them to the highest degree of frenzy。 The immortal effusions of Sappho contain references to this passion。 The solution of this peculiar ardor is found in the fact that some of the females had enlarged clitorides； strong voices； robust figures； and imitated men。 Their manner was imperative and authoritative to their sex； who worshiped them with perverted devotion。 We find in Martial mention of this perverted love； and in the time of the dissolute Greeks and Romans ridiculous jealousies for unfaithfulness between these women prevailed。 Aetius said that the Egyptians practiced amputation of the clitoris； so that enlargement of this organ must have been a common vice of conformation along the Nile。 It was also said that the Egyptian women practiced circumcision on their females at the age of seven or eight； the time chosen being when the Nile was in flood。 Bertherand cites examples of enlarged clitorides in Arab women； Bruce testifies to this circumstance in Abyssinia； and Mungo Park has observed it in the Mandingos and the Ibbos。
Sonnini says that the women of Egypt had a natural excrescence； fleshy in consistency； quite thick and pendulous； coming from the skin of the mons veneris。 Sonnini says that in a girl of eight he saw one of these caruncles which was 1/2 inch long； and another on a woman of twenty which was four inches long； and remarks that they seem peculiar only to women of distinct Egyptian origin。
Duhouset says that in circumcision the Egyptian women not only remove a great part of the body of the clitoris with the prepuce； but also adjacent portions of the nymphae； Gallieni found a similar operation customary on the upper banks of the Niger。
Otto at Breslau in 1824 reports seeing a negress with a clitoris 4 1/2 inches long and 1 1/2 inches in the transverse diameter； it projected from the vulva and when supine formed a complete covering for the vaginal orifice。 The clitoris may at times become so large as to prevent coitus； and in France has constituted a legitimate cause for divorce。 This organ is very sensitive； and it is said that in cases of supposed catalepsy a woman cannot bear titillation of the clitoris without some visible movement。
Columbus cites an example of a clitoris as long as a little finger； Haller mentions one which measured seven inches； and there is a record of an enlarged clitoris which resembled the neck of a goose and which was 12 inches long。 Bainbridge reports a case of enlarged clitoris in a woman of thirty…two who was confined with her first child。 This organ was five inches in length and of about the diameter of a quiescent penis。 Figure 149 shows a well…marked case of hypertrophy of the clitoris。 Rogers describes a woman of twenty…five in a reduced state of health with an enormous clitoris and warts about the anus； there were also manifestations of tuberculosis。 On questioning her； it was found that she had formerly masturbated； later she had sexual intercourse several times with a young man； but after his death she commenced self…abuse again； which brought on the present enlargement。 The clitoris was ligated and came away without leaving disfigurement。 Cassano and Pedretti of Naples reported an instance of monstrous clitoris in 1860 before the Academy of Medicine。
In some cases ossification of the clitoris is observed Fournier speaks of a public woman in Venice who had an osseous clitoris； it was said that men having connection with her invariably suffered great pain； followed by inflammation of the penis。
There are a few instances recorded of bifid clitoris； and Arnaud cites the history of a woman who had a double clitoris。 Secretain speaks of a clitoris which was in a permanent state of erection。
Complete absence of the ovaries is seldom seen； but there are instances in which one of the ovaries is missing。 Hun