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vagina。 An artificial vagina was created； but the patient died from extravasation of blood into the peritoneal cavity。 Carter； Polaillon； Martin； Curtis； Worthington； Hall； Hicks； Moliere； Patry； Dolbeau； Desormeaux； and Gratigny also record instances of absence of the vagina。
There are some cases reported in extramedical literature which might be cited。 Bussy Rabutin in his Memoires in 1639 speaks of an instance。 The celebrated Madame Recamier was called by the younger Dumas an involuntary virgin； and in this connection could be cited the malicious and piquant sonnet
Chateaubriand et Madame Recamier。
〃Juliette et Rene s'aimaient d'amour si tendre Que Dien； sans les punir； a pu leur pardonner： Il n'avait pas voulu que l'une put donner Ce que l'autre ne pouvait prendre。〃
Duplex vagina has been observed by Bartholinus； Malacarne； Asch； Meckel； Osiander； Purcell； and other older writers。 In more modern times reports of this anomaly are quite frequent。 Hunter reports a case of labor at the seventh month in a woman with a double vagina； and delivery through the rectum。 Atthill and Watts speak of double vagina with single uterus。
Robb of Johns Hopkins Hospital reports a case of double vagina in a patient of twenty suffering from dyspareunia。 The vaginal orifice was contracted； the urethra was dilated and had evidently been used for coitus。 A membrane divided the vagina into two canals； the cervix lying in the right half； the septum was also divided。 Both the thumbs of the patient were so short that their tips could scarcely meet those of the little fingers。 Double vagina is also reported by Anway； Moulton； Freeman； Frazer； Haynes； Lemaistre； Boardman； Dickson； Dunoyer； and Rossignol。 This anomaly is usually associated with bipartite or double uterus。 Wilcox mentions a primipara； three months pregnant； with a double vagina and a bicornate uterus； who was safely delivered of several children。 Haller and Borellus have seen double vagina； double uterus； and double ovarian supply； in the latter case there was also a double vulva。 Sanger speaks of a supernumerary vagina connecting with the other vagina by a fistulous opening； and remarks that this was not a case of patent Gartner's duct。
Cullingworth cites two cases in which there were transverse septa of the vagina。 Stone reports five cases of transverse septa of the vagina。 Three of the patients were young women who had never borne children or suffered injury。 Pregnancy existed in each case。 In the first the septum was about two inches from the introitus； and contained an opening about 1/2 inch in diameter which admitted the tip of the finger。 The membrane was elastic and thin and showed no signs of inflammation。 Menstruation had always been regular up to the time of pregnancy。 The second was a duplicate of the first； excepting that a few bands extended from the cervix to the membranous septum。 In the third the lumen of the vagina； about two inches from the introitus； was distinctly narrowed by a ridge of tissue。 There was uterine displacement and some endocervicitis； but no history of injury or operation and no tendency to contraction。 The two remaining cases occurred in patients seen by Dr。 J。 F。 Scott。 In one the septum was about 1 3/4 inches from the entrance to the vagina and contained an orifice large enough to admit a uterine probe。 During labor the septum resisted the advance of the head for several hours； until it was slit in several directions。 In the other； menstruation had always been irregular； intermissions being followed by a profuse flow of black and tarry blood； which lasted sometimes for fifteen days and was accompanied by severe pain。 The septum was 1 1/2 inches from the vaginal orifice and contained an opening which admitted a uterine sound。 It was very dense and tight and fully 1/8 inch in thickness。
Mordie reported a case of congenital deficiency of the rectovaginal septum which was successfully remedied by operation。
Anomalous Openings of the Vagina。The vagina occasionally opens abnormally into the rectum； into the bladder； the urethra； or upon the abdominal parietes。 Rossi reports from a hospital in Turin the case of a Piedmontese girl in whom there was an enormous tumor corresponding to the opening of the vaginal orifice； no traces of a vagina could be found。 The tumor was incised and proved to be a living infant。 The husband of the woman said that he had coitus without difficulty by the rectum； and examination showed that the vagina opened into the rectum； by which means impregnation had been accomplished。 Bonnain and Payne have observed analogous cases of this abnormality of the vaginal opening and subsequent accouchement by the anus。 Payne's case was of a woman of thirty…five； well formed； who had been in labor thirty…six hours； when the physician examined and looked in vain for a vaginal opening； the finger； gliding along the perineum； came in contact with the distended anus； in which was recognized the head of the fetus。 The woman from prolongation of labor was in a complete state of prostration； which caused uterine inertia。 Payne anesthetized the patient； applied the forceps； and extracted the fetus without further accident。 The vulva of this woman five months afterward displayed all the characteristics of virginity； the vagina opened into the rectum； and menstruation had always been regular。 This woman； as well as her husband； averred that they had no suspicion of the anomaly and that coitus （by the anus） had always been satisfactory。
Opening of the vagina upon the parietes； of which Le Fort has collected a number of cases； has never been observed in connection with a viable fetus。
Absence of the labia majora has been observed； especially by Pozzi； to the exclusion of all other anomalies。 It is the rule in exstrophy of the bladder。
Absence of the nymphae has also been observed； particularly by Auvard and by Perchaux； and is generally associated with imperfect development of the clitoris。 Constantinedes reports absence of the external organs of generation； probably also of the uterus and its appendages； in a young lady。 Van Haartman； LeFort； Magee； and Ogle cite cases of absence of the external female organs。 Riolan in the early part of the seventeenth century reported a case of defective nymphae； Neubauer in 1774 offers a contrast to this case in an instance of triple nymphae。
The nymphae are sometimes enormously enlarged by hypertrophy； by varicocele； or by elephantiasis； of which latter type Rigal de Gaillac has observed a most curious case。 There is also a variety o？enlargement of the clitoris which seems to be constant in some races； it may be a natural hypertrophy； or perhaps produced by artificial manipulation。
The peculiar conditions under which the Chinese women are obliged to live； particularly their mode of sitting； is said to have the effect of causing unusual development of the mons veneris and the labia majora。 On the other hand； some of the lower African races have been distinguished by the deficiency in development of the labia majora； mons veneris； and genital hair。 In this respect they present an approximation to the genitals of the anthropoid apes； among whom the orang…outang alone shows any tendenc