the expression of emotion in man and animals-第29章

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vement　of　the　body；　and　without　even　the　ears　being　lowered。　　Dogs　also　exhibit　their　affection　by　desiring　to　rub　against　their　masters；　and　to　be　rubbed　or　patted　by　them。　Gratiolet　explains　the　above　gestures　of　affection　in　the　following　manner：　　and　the　reader　can　judge　whether　the　explanation　appears　satisfactory。　　Speaking　of　animals　in　general；　including　the　dog；　he　says；＇2＇　〃C'est　toujours　la　partie　la　plus　sensible　de　leurs　corps　qui　recherche　les　caresses　ou　les　donne。　Lorsque　toute　la　longueur　des　flancs　et　du　corps　est　sensible；　l'animal　serpente　et　rampe　sous　les　caresses；　et　ces　ondulations　se　propageant　le　long　des　muscles　analogues　des　segments　jusqu'aux　extremites　de　la　colonne　vertebrale；　la　queue　se　ploie　et　s'agite。〃　Further　on；　he　adds；　that　dogs；　when　feeling　affectionate；　lower　their　ears　in　order　to　exclude　all　sounds；　so　that　their　whole　attention　may　be　concentrated　on　the　caresses　of　their　master！　Dogs　have　another　and　striking　way　of　exhibiting　their　affection；　namely；　by　licking　the　hands　or　faces　of　their　masters。　They　sometimes　lick　other　dogs；　and　then　it　is　always　their　chops。　I　have　also　seen　dogs　licking　cats　with　whom　they　were　friends。　This　habit　probably　originated　in　the　females　carefully　licking　their　puppiesthe　dearest　object　of　their　lovefor　the　sake　of　cleansing　them。　　They　also　often　give　their　puppies；　after　a　short　absence；　a　few　cursory　licks；　apparently　from　affection。　Thus　the　habit　will　have　become　associated　with　the　emotion　of　love；　however　it　may　afterwards　be　aroused。　　It　is　now　so　firmly　inherited　or　innate；　That　it　is　transmitted　equally　to　both　sexes。　A　female　terrier　of　mine　lately　had　her　puppies　destroyed；　and　though　at　all　times　a　very　affectionate　creature；　I　was　much　struck　with　the　manner　in　which　she　then　tried　to　satisfy　her　instinctive　maternal　love　by　expending　it　on　me；　and　her　desire　to　lick　my　hands　rose　to　an　insatiable　passion。　＇1＇　‘De　la　Physionomie；'　1865；　pp。　　187；　218。The　same　principle　probably　explains　why　dogs；　when　feeling　affectionate；　like　rubbing　against　their　masters　and　being　rubbed　or　patted　by　them；　for　from　the　nursing　of　their　puppies；　contact　with　a　beloved　object　has　become　firmly　associated　in　their　minds　with　the　emotion　of　love。　The　feeling　of　affection　of　a　dog　towards　his　master　is　combined　with　a　strong　sense　of　submission；　which　is　akin　to　fear。　Hence　dogs　not　only　lower　their　bodies　and　crouch　a　little　as　they　approach　their　masters；　but　sometimes　throw　themselves　on　the　ground　with　their　bellies　upwards。　　This　is　a　movement　as　completely　opposite　as　is　possible　to　any　show　of　resistance。　I　formerly　possessed　a　large　dog　who　was　not　at　all　afraid　to　fight　with　other　dogs；　but　a　wolf…like　shepherd…dog　in　the　neighbourhood；　though　not　ferocious　and　not　so　powerful　as　my　dog；　had　a　strange　influence　over　him。　When　they　met　on　the　road；　my　dog　used　to　run　to　meet　him；　with　his　tail　partly　tucked　in　between　his　legs　and　hair　not　erected；　and　then　be　would　throw　himself　on　the　ground；　belly　upwards。　By　this　action　he　seemed　to　say　more　plainly　than　by　words；　〃Behold；　I　am　your　slave。〃　　A　pleasurable　and　excited　state　of　mind；　associated　with　affection；　is　exhibited　by　some　dogs　in　a　very　peculiar　manner；　namely；　by　grinning。　This　was　noticed　long　ago　by　Somerville；　who　says；　And　with　a　courtly　grin；　the　fawning　bound　Salutes　thee　cow'ring；　his　wide　op'ning　nose　Upward　he　curls；　and　his　large　sloe…back　eyes　Melt　in　soft　blandishments；　and　humble　joy。'　_The　Chase_；　book　i。Sir　W。　Scott's　famous　Scotch　greyhound；　Maida；　had　this　habit；　and　it　is　common　with　terriers。　I　have　also　seen　it　in　a　Spitz　and　in　a　sheep…dog。　Mr。　Riviere；　who　has　particularly　attended　to　this　expression；　informs　me　that　it　is　rarely　displayed　in　a　perfect　manner；　but　is　quite　common　in　a　lesser　degree。　　The　upper　lip　during　the　act　of　grinning　is　retracted；　as　in　snarling；　so　that　the　canines　are　exposed；　and　the　ears　are　drawn　backwards；　but　the　general　appearance　of　the　animal　clearly　shows　that　anger　is　not　felt。　Sir　C。　Bell＇3＇　remarks　〃Dogs；　in　their　expression　of　fondness；　have　a　slight　eversion　of　the　lips；　and　grin　and　sniff　amidst　their　gambols；　in　a　way　that　resembles　laughter。〃　Some　persons　speak　of　the　grin　as　a　smile；　but　if　it　had　been　really　a　smile；　we　should　see　a　similar；　though　more　pronounced；　movement　of　the　lips　and　ears；　when　dogs　utter　their　bark　of　joy；　but　this　is　not　the　case；　although　a　bark　of　joy　often　follows　a　grin。　On　the　other　hand；　dogs；　when　playing　with　their　comrades　or　masters；　almost　always　pretend　to　bite　each　other；　and　they　then　retract；　though　not　energetically；　their　lips　and　ears。　Hence　I　suspect　that　there　is　a　tendency　in　some　dogs；　whenever　they　feel　lively　pleasure　combined　with　affection；　to　act　through　habit　and　association　on　the　same　muscles；　as　in　playfully　biting　each　other；　or　their　masters'　hands。　I　have　described；　in　the　second　chapter；　the　gait　and　appearance　of　a　dog　when　cheerful；　and　the　marked　antithesis　presented　by　the　same　animal　when　dejected　and　disappointed；　with　his　head；　ears；　body；　tail；　and　chops　drooping；　and　eyes　dull。　Under　the　expectation　of　any　great　pleasure；　dogs　bound　and　jump　about　in　an　extravagant　manner；　and　bark　for　joy。　　The　tendency　to　bark　under　this　state　of　mind　is　inherited；　or　runs　in　the　breed：　greyhounds　rarely　bark；　whilst　the　Spitz…dog　barks　so　incessantly　on　starting　for　a　walk　with　his　master　that　he　becomes　a　nuisance。　＇1＇　‘The　Anatomy　of　Expression；'　1844；　p。　　140。An　agony　of　pain　is　expressed　by　dogs　in　nearly　the　same　way　as　by　many　other　animals；　namely；　by　howling　writhing；　and　contortions　of　the　whole　body。　Attention　is　shown　by　the　head　being　raised；　with　the　ears　erected；　and　eyes　intently　directed　towards　the　object　or　quarter　under　observation。　　If　it　be　a　sound　and　the　source　is　not　known；　the　head　is　often　turned　obliquely　from　side　to　side　in　a　most　significant　manner；　apparently　in　order　to　judge　with　more　exactness　from　what　point　the　sound　proceeds。　But　I　have　seen　a　dog　greatly　surprised　at　a　new　noise；　turning；　his　head　to　one　side　through　habit；　though　he　clearly　perceived　the　source　of　the　noise。　　Dogs；　as　formerly　remarked；　when　their　attention　is　in　any　way　aroused；　whilst　watching　some　object；　or　attending　to　some　sound；　often　lift　up　one　paw　（fig。　4）　and　keep　it　doubled　up；　as　if　to　make　a　slow　and　stealthy　approach。　A　dog　under　extreme　terror　will　throw　himself　down；　howl；　and　void　his　excretions；　but　the　hair；　I　believe；　does　not　become　erect　unless　some　anger　is　felt。　　I　have　seen　a　dog　much　terrified　at　a　band　of　musicians　who　were　playing　loudly　outside　the　house；　with　every　muscle　of　his　body　trembling；　with　his　heart　palpitating　so　quickly　that　the　beats　could　hardly　be　counted；　and　panting　for　breath　with　widely　open　mouth；　in　the　same　manner　as　a　terrified　man　does。　　Yet　this　dog　had　not　exerted　himself；　he　had　only　wandered　slowly　and　restlessly　about　the　room；　and　the　day　was　cold。　　Even　a　very　slight　degree　of　fear　is　invariably　shown　by　the　tail　being　tucked　in　between　the　legs。　This　tucking　in　of　the　fail　is　accompanied　by　the　ears　being　drawn　backwards；　but　they　are　not　pressed　closely　to　the　head；as　in　snarling；　and　they　are　not