the expression of emotion in man and animals-第30章

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eing　drawn　backwards；　but　they　are　not　pressed　closely　to　the　head；as　in　snarling；　and　they　are　not　lowered；　as　when　a　dog　is　pleased　or　affectionate。　　When　two　young　dogs　chase　each　other　in　play；　the　one　that　runs　away　always　keeps　his　tail　tucked　inwards。　So　it　is　when　a　dog；　in　the　highest　spirits；　careers　like　a　mad　creature　round　and　round　his　master　in　circles；　or　in　figures　of　eight。　　He　then　acts　as　if　another　dog　were　chasing　him。　This　curious　kind　of　play；　which　must　be　familiar　to　every　one　who　has　attended　to　dogs；　is　particularly　apt　to　be　excited；　after　the　animal　has　been　a　little　startled　or　frightened；　as　by　his　master　suddenly　jumping　out　on　him　in　the　dusk。　In　this　case；　as　well　as　when　two　young　dogs　are　chasing　each　other　in　play；　it　appears　as　if　the　one　that　runs　away　was　afraid　of　the　other　catching　him　by　the　tail；　but　as　far　as　I　can　find　out；　dogs　very　rarely　catch　each　other　in　this　manner。　I　asked　a　gentleman；　who　had　kept　foxhounds　all　his　life；　and　be　applied　to　other　experienced　sportsmen；　whether　they　had　ever　seen　hounds　thus　seize　a　fox；　but　they　never　had。　It　appears　that　when　a　dog　is　chased；　or　when　in　danger　of　being　struck　behind；　or　of　anything　falling　on　him；　in　all　these　cases　he　wishes　to　withdraw　as　quickly　as　possible　his　whole　hind…quarters；　and　that　from　some　sympathy　or　connection　between　the　muscles；　the　tail　is　then　drawn　closely　inwards。　A　similarly　connected　movement　between　the　hind…　quarters　and　the　tail　may　be　observed　in　the　hyaena。　　Mr。　Bartlett　informs　me　that　when　two　of　these　animals　fight　together；　they　are　mutually　conscious　of　the　wonderful　power　of　each　other's　jaws；　and　are　extremely　cautious。　　They　well　know　that　if　one　of　their　legs　were　seized；　the　bone　would　instantly　be　crushed　into　atoms；　hence　they　approach　each　other　kneeling；　with　their　legs　turned　as　much　as　possible　inwards；　and　with　their　whole　bodies　bowed；　so　as　not　to　present　any　salient　point；　thetail　at　the　same　time　being　closely　tucked　in　between　the　legs。　　In　this　attitude　they　approach　each　other　sideways；　or　even　partly　backwards。　So　again　with　deer；　several　of　the　species；　when　savage　and　fighting；　tuck　in　their　tails。　　When　one　horse　in　a　field　tries　to　bite　the　hind…quarters　of　another　in　play；　or　when　a　rough　boy　strikes　a　donkey　from　behind；　the　hind…quarters　and　the　tail　are　drawn　in；　though　it　does　not　appear　as　if　this　were　done　merely　to　save　the　tail　from　being　injured。　　We　have　also　seen　the　reverse　of　these　movements；　for　when　an　animal　trots　with　high　elastic　steps；　the　tail　is　almost　always　carried　aloft。　As　I　have　said；　when　a　dog　is　chased　and　runs　away；　he　keeps　his　ears　directed　backwards　but　still　open；　and　this　is　clearly　done　for　the　sake　of　hearing　the　footsteps　of　his　pursuer。　From　habit　the　ears　are　often　held　in　this　same　position；　and　the　tail　tucked　in；　when　the　danger　is　obviously　in　front。　I　have　repeatedly　noticed；　with　a　timid　terrier　of　mine；　that　when　she　is　afraid　of　some　object　in　front；　the　nature　of　which　she　perfectly　knows　and　does　not　need　to　reconnoitre；　yet　she　will　for　a　long　time　hold　her　ears　and　tail　in　this　position；　looking　the　image　of　discomfort。　　Discomfort；　without　any　fear；　is　similarly　expressed：　　thus；　one　day　I　went　out　of　doors；　just　at　the　time　when　this　same　dog　knew　that　her　dinner　would　be　brought。　I　did　not　call　her；　but　she　wished　much　to　accompany　me；　and　at　the　same　time　she　wished　much　for　her　dinner；　and　there　she　stood；　first　looking　one　way　and　then　the　other；　with　her　tail　tucked　in　and　ears　drawn　back；　presenting　an　unmistakable　appearance　of　perplexed　discomfort。　Almost　all　the　expressive　movements　now　described；　with　the　exception　of　the　grinning　from　joy；　are　innate　or　instinctive；　for　they　are　common　to　all　the　individuals；　young　and　old；　of　all　the　breeds。　　Most　of　themare　likewise　common　to　the　aboriginal　parents　of　the　dog；　namely　the　wolf　and　jackal；　and　some　of　them　to　other　species　of　the　same　group。　Tamed　wolves　and　jackals；　when　caressed　by　their　masters；　jump　about　for　joy；　wag　their　tails；　lower　their　ears；　lick　their　master's　hands；　crouch　down；　and　even　throw　themselves　on　the　ground　belly　upwards。＇4＇　I　have　seen　a　rather　fox…like　African　jackal；　from　the　Gaboon；　depress　its　ears　when　caressed。　Wolves　and　jackals；　when　frightened；　certainly　tuck　in　their　tails；　and　a　tamed　jackal　has　been　described　as　careering　round　his　master　in　circles　and　figures　of　eight；　like　a　dog；　with　his　tail　between　his　legs。　　It　has　been　stated＇5＇　that　foxes；　however　tame；　never　display　any　of　the　above　expressive　movements；　but　this　is　not　strictly　accurate。　　Many　years　ago　I　observed　in　the　Zoological　Gardens；　and　recorded　the　fact　at　the　time；　that　a　very　tame　English　fox；　When　caressed　by　the　keeper；　wagged　its　tail；　depressed　its　ears；　and　then　threw　itself　on　the　ground；　belly　upwards。　　The　black　fox　of　North　America　likewise　depressed　its　ears　in　a　slight　degree。　　But　I　believe　that　foxes　never　lick　the　hands　of　their　masters；　and　I　have　been　assured　that　when　frightened　they　never　tuck　in　their　tails。　If　the　explanation　which　I　have　given　of　the　expression　of　affection　in　dogs　be　admitted；　then　it　would　appear　that　animals　which　have　never　been　domesticatednamely　wolves；　jackals；　and　even　foxes　have　nevertheless　ac…　quired；　through　the　principle　of　antithesis；　certain　expressive　gestures；　for　it　is　Dot　probable　that　these　animals；　confined　in　cages；　should　have　learnt　them　by　imitating　dogs。　＇4＇　Many　particulars　are　given　by　Gueldenstadt　in　his　account　of　the　jackal　in　Nov。　Comm。　　Acad。　　Sc。　　Imp。　　Petrop。　1775；　tom。　　xx。　　p。　　449。　　See　also　another　excellent　account　of　the　manners　of　this　animal　and　of　its　play；　in　‘Land　and　Water；'　October；　1869。　　Lieut。　Annesley；　R。　A。；　has　also　communicated　to　me　some　particulars　with　respect　to　the　jackal。　I　have　made　many　inquiries　about　wolves　and　jackals　in　the　Zoological　Gardens；　and　have　observed　them　for　myself。　＇5＇　‘Land　and　Water；'　November　6；　1869。_Cats_。I　have　already　described　the　actions　of　a　cat

（fig。　9）；　when　feeling　savage　and　not　terrified。　She　assumes　a　crouching　attitude　and　occasionally　protrudes　her　fore…feet；　with　the　claws　exserted　ready　for　striking。　The　tail　is　extended；　being　curled　or　lashed　from　side　to　side。　The　hair　is　not　erectedat　least　it　was　not　so　in　the　few　cases　observed　by　me。　　The　ears　are　drawn　closely　backwards　and　the　teeth　are　shown。　　Low　savage　growls　are　uttered。　We　can　understand　why　the　attitude　assumed　by　a　cat　when　preparing　to　fight　with　another　cat；　or　in　any　way　greatly　irritated；　is　so　widely　different　from　that　of　a　dog　approaching　another　dog　with　hostile　intentions；　for　the　cat　uses　her　fore…feet　for　striking；　and　this　renders　a　crouching　position　convenient　or　necessary。　She　is　also　much　more　accustomed　than　a　dog　to　lie　concealed　and　suddenly　spring　on　her　prey。　　No　cause　can　be　assigned　with　certainty　for　the　tail　being　lashed　or　curled　from　side　to　side。　This　habit　is　common　to　many　other　animalsfor　instance；　to　the　puma；　when　prepared　to　spring；＇1＇　but　it　is　not　common　to　dogs；　or　to　foxes；　as　I　infer　from　Mr。　St。　John's　account　of　a　fox　lying　in　wait　and　seizing　a　hare。　We　have　already　seen　that　some　kinds　of　lizards　and