second treatise of government-第3章

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　his　transgression；　　which　is　so　much　as　may　serve　for　reparation　and　restraint：　　for　these　two　are　the　only　reasons；　why　one　man　may　lawfully　do　　harm　to　another；　which　is　that　we　call　punishment。　In　　transgressing　the　law　of　nature；　the　offender　declares　himself　to　　live　by　another　rule　than　that　of　reason　and　common　equity；　which　　is　that　measure　God　has　set　to　the　actions　of　men；　for　their　　mutual　security；　and　so　　he　　becomes　dangerous　to　mankind；　the　　tye；　which　is　to　secure　them　from　injury　and　violence；　being　　slighted　and　broken　by　him。　　Which　being　a　trespass　against　the　　whole　species；　and　the　peace　and　safety　of　it；　provided　for　by　　the　law　of　nature；　every　man　upon　this　score；　by　the　right　he　　hath　to　preserve　mankind　in　general；　may　restrain；　or　where　it　is　　necessary；　destroy　things　noxious　to　them；　and　so　may　bring　such　　evil　on　any　one；　who　hath　transgressed　that　law；　as　may　make　him　　repent　the　doing　of　it；　and　thereby　deter　him；　and　by　his　example　　others；　from　doing　the　like　mischief。　　And　in　the　case；　and　upon　　this　ground；　EVERY　MAN　HATH　A　RIGHT　TO　PUNISH　THE　OFFENDER；　AND　　BE　EXECUTIONER　OF　THE　LAW　OF　NATURE。　　　　　　Sect。　9。　1　doubt　not　but　this　will　seem　a　very　strange　　doctrine　to　some　men：　but　before　they　condemn　it；　I　desire　them　　to　resolve　me；　by　what　right　any　prince　or　state　can　put　to　　death；　or　punish　an　alien；　for　any　crime　he　commits　in　their　　country。　　It　is　certain　their　laws；　by　virtue　of　any　sanction　　they　receive　from　the　promulgated　will　of　the　legislative；　reach　　not　a　stranger：　they　speak　not　to　him；　nor；　if　they　did；　is　he　　bound　to　hearken　to　them。　　The　legislative　authority；　by　which　　they　are　in　force　over　the　subjects　of　that　commonwealth；　hath　no　　power　over　him。　　　Those　　who　　have　　the　supreme　power　of　making　　laws　in　England；　France　or　Holland；　are　to　an　Indian；　but　　like　the　rest　of　the　world；　men　without　authority：　and　therefore；　　if　by　the　law　of　nature　every　man　hath　not　a　power　to　punish　　offences　against　it；　as　he　soberly　judges　the　case　to　require；　I　　see　not　how　the　magistrates　of　any　community　can　punish　an　　alien　of　another　country；　since；　in　reference　to　him；　they　can　　have　no　more　power　than　what　every　man　naturally　may　have　over　　another。　　　　　　Sect；　10。　Besides　the　crime　which　consists　in　violating　the　　law；　and　varying　from　the　right　rule　of　reason；　whereby　a　man　so　　　far　becomes　degenerate；　and　declares　himself　to　quit　the　　principles　of　human　nature；　and　to　be　a　noxious　creature；　there　　is　commonly　injury　done　to　some　person　or　other；　and　some　other　　man　receives　damage　by　his　transgression：　in　which　case　he　who　　hath　received　any　damage；　has；　besides　the　right　of　punishment　　common　to　him　with　other　men；　a　particular　right　to　seek　　reparation　from　him　that　has　done　it：　and　any　other　person；　who　　finds　it　just；　may　also　join　with　him　that　is　injured；　and　assist　　him　in　recovering　from　the　offender　so　much　as　may　make　　satisfaction　for　the　harm　he　has　suffered。　　　　　　Sect。　11。　From　these　two　distinct　rights；　the　one　of　　punishing　the　crime　for　restraint；　and　preventing　the　like　　offence；　which　right　of　punishing　is　in　every　body；　the　other　of　　taking　reparation；　which　belongs　only　to　the　injured　party；　　comes　it　to　pass　that　the　magistrate；　who　by　being　magistrate　　hath　the　common　　right　　of　punishing　put　into　his　hands；　can　　often；　where　the　public　good　demands　not　the　execution　of　the　　law；　remit　the　punishment　of　criminal　offences　by　his　own　　authority；　but　yet　cannot　remit　the　satisfaction　due　to　any　　private　man　for　the　damage　he　has　received。　　That；　he　who　has　　suffered　the　damage　has　a　right　to　demand　in　his　own　name；　and　he　　alone　can　remit：　the　damnified　person　has　this　power　of　　appropriating　to　himself　the　goods　or　service　of　the　offender；　　by　right　of　self…preservation；　as　every　man　has　a　power　to　　punish　the　crime；　to　prevent　its　being　committed　again；　by　the　　right　he　has　of　preserving　all　mankind；　and　doing　all　reasonable　　things　he　can　in　order　to　that　end：　and　thus　it　is；　that　every　　man；　in　the　state　of　nature；　has　a　power　to　kill　a　murderer；　both　　to　deter　others　from　doing　the　like　injury；　which　no　reparation　　can　compensate；　by　the　example　of　the　punishment　that　attends　it　　from　every　body；　and　also　to　secure　men　from　the　attempts　of　a　　criminal；　who　having　renounced　reason；　the　common　rule　and　　measure　God　hath　given　to　mankind；　hath；　by　the　unjust　violence　　and　slaughter　he　hath　committed　upon　one；　declared　war　against　　all　mankind；　and　therefore　may　be　destroyed　as　a　lion　or　a　　tyger；　one　of　those　wild　savage　beasts；　with　whom　men　can　have　　no　society　nor　security：　and　upon　this　is　grounded　that　great　law　　of　nature；　Whoso　sheddeth　man's　blood；　by　man　shall　his　blood　be　　shed。　And　Cain　was　so　fully　convinced；　that　every　one　had　a　　right　to　destroy　such　a　criminal；　that　after　the　murder　of　his　　brother；　he　cries　out；　Every　one　that　findeth　me；　shall　slay　　me；　so　plain　was　it　writ　in　the　hearts　of　all　mankind。　　　　　　Sect。　12。　By　the　same　reason　may　a　man　in　the　state　of　　nature　punish　the　lesser　breaches　of　that　law。　　It　will　perhaps　　be　demanded；　with　death？　I　answer；　each　transgression　may　be　　punished　to　that　degree；　and　with　so　much　severity；　as　will　　suffice　to　make　it　an　ill　bargain　to　the　offender；　give　him　cause　　to　repent；　and　terrify　others　from　doing　the　like。　　Every　　offence；　that　can　be　committed　in　the　state　of　nature；　may　in　the　　state　of　nature　be　also　punished　equally；　and　as　far　forth　as　it　　may；　in　a　commonwealth：　for　though　it　would　be　besides　my　present　　purpose；　to　enter　here　into　the　particulars　of　the　law　of　nature；　　or　its　measures　of　punishment；　yet；　it　is　certain　there　is　such　　a　law；　and　that　too；　as　intelligible　and　plain　to　a　rational　　creature；　and　a　studier　of　that　law；　as　the　positive　laws　of　　commonwealths；　nay；　possibly　plainer；　as　much　as　reason　is　easier　　to　be　understood；　than　the　fancies　and　intricate　contrivances　of　　men；　following　contrary　and　hidden　interests　put　into　words；　for　　so　truly　are　a　great　part　of　the　municipal　laws　of　countries；　　which　are　only　so　far　right；　as　they　are　founded　on　the　law　of　　nature；　by　which　they　are　to　be　regulated　and　interpreted。　　

　　　　　Sect。　13。　To　this　strange　doctrine；　viz。　That　in　the　　state　of　nature　every　one　has　the　executive　power　of　the　law　of　　nature；　I　doubt　not　but　it　will　be　objected；　that　it　is　　unreasonable　for　men　to　be　judges　in　their　own　cases；　that　self…　love　will　make　men　partial　to　themselves　and　their　friends：　and　　on　the　other　side；　that　ill　nature；　passion　and　revenge　will　　carry　them　too　far　in　punishing　others；　and　　hence　nothing　but　　confusion　and　disorder　will　follow；　and　that　therefore　God　hath　　certainly　appointed　government　to　restrain　the　partiality　and　　violence　of　men。　　I　easily　grant；　that　civil　government　is　the　　proper　remedy　for　the　inconveniencies　of　the　state　of　nature；　　which　must　certainly　be　great；　where　men　may　be　judges　in　their　　own　case；　since　it　is　easy　to　be　imagined；　that　he　who　was　so　　unjust　as　to　do　his　brother　an　injury；　will　scarce　be　so　just　as　　to　condemn　himself　for　it：　but　I　shall　desire　those　who　make　this　　objection；　to　remember；　that　absolute　monarchs　are　but　men；　and　　if　government　is　to　be　　the　remedy　of　thos