友情提示:如果本网页打开太慢或显示不完整,请尝试鼠标右键“刷新”本网页!阅读过程发现任何错误请告诉我们,谢谢!!
报告错误
second treatise of government-第2章
按键盘上方向键 ← 或 → 可快速上下翻页,按键盘上的 Enter 键可回到本书目录页,按键盘上方向键 ↑ 可回到本页顶部!
————未阅读完?加入书签已便下次继续阅读!
fountain of all power; Adam's private dominion and paternal jurisdiction; so that he that will not give just occasion to think that all government in the world is the product only of force and violence; and that men live together by no other rules but that of beasts; where the strongest carries it; and so lay a foundation for perpetual disorder and mischief; tumult; sedition and rebellion; (things that the followers of that hypothesis so loudly cry out against) must of necessity find out another rise of government; another original of political power; and another way of designing and knowing the persons that have it; than what Sir Robert Filmer hath taught us。 Sect。 2。 To this purpose; I think it may not be amiss; to set down what I take to be political power; that the power of a MAGISTRATE over a subject may be distinguished from that of a FATHER over his children; a MASTER over his servant; a HUSBAND over his wife; and a LORD over his slave。 All which distinct powers happening sometimes together in the same man; if he be considered under these different relations; it may help us to distinguish these powers one from wealth; a father of a family; and a captain of a galley。 Sect。 3。 POLITICAL POWER; then; I take to be a RIGHT of making laws with penalties of death; and consequently all less penalties; for the regulating and preserving of property; and of employing the force of the community; in the execution of such laws; and in the defence of the common…wealth from foreign injury; and all this only for the public good。
C H A P。 I I。
Of the State of Nature。
Sect。 4。 TO understand political power right; and derive it from its original; we must consider; what state all men are naturally in; and that is; a state of perfect freedom to order their actions; and dispose of their possessions and persons; as they think fit; within the bounds of the law of nature; without asking leave; or depending upon the will of any other man。 A state also of equality; wherein all the power and jurisdiction is reciprocal; no one having more than another; there being nothing more evident; than that creatures of the same species and rank; promiscuously born to all the same advantages of nature; and the use of the same faculties; should also be equal one amongst another without subordination or subjection; unless the lord and master of them all should; by any manifest declaration of his will; set one above another; and confer on him; by an evident and clear appointment; an undoubted right to dominion and sovereignty。 Sect。 5。 This equality of men by nature; the judicious Hooker looks upon as so evident in itself; and beyond all question; that he makes it the foundation of that obligation to mutual love amongst men; on which he builds the duties they owe one another; and from whence he derives the great maxims of justice and charity。 His words are; The like natural inducement hath brought men to know that it is no less their duty; to love others than themselves; for seeing those things which are equal; must needs all have one measure; if I cannot but wish to receive good; even as much at every man's hands; as any man can wish unto his own soul; how should I look to have any part of my desire herein satisfied; unless myself be careful to satisfy the like desire; which is undoubtedly in other men; being of one and the same nature? To have any thing offered them repugnant to this desire; must needs in all respects grieve them as much as me; so that if I do harm; I must look to suffer; there being no reason that others should shew greater measure of love to me; than they have by me shewed unto them: my desire therefore to be loved of my equals in nature as much as possible may be; imposeth upon me a natural duty of bearing to them…ward fully the like affection; from which relation of equality between ourselves and them that are as ourselves; what several rules and canons natural reason hath drawn; for direction of life; no man is ignorant; Eccl。 Pol。 Lib。 1。 Sect。 6。 But though this be a state of liberty; yet it is not a state of licence: though man in that state have an uncontroulable liberty to dispose of his person or possessions; yet he has not liberty to destroy himself; or so much as any creature in his possession; but where some nobler use than its bare preservation calls for it。 The state of nature has a law of nature to govern it; which obliges every one: and reason; which is that law; teaches all mankind; who will but consult it; that being all equal and independent; no one ought to harm another in his life; health; liberty; or possessions: for men being all the workmanship of one omnipotent; and infinitely wise maker; all the servants of one sovereign master; sent into the world by his order; and about his business; they are his property; whose workmanship they are; made to last during his; not one another's pleasure: and being furnished with like faculties; sharing all in one community of nature; there cannot be supposed any such subordination among us; that may authorize us to destroy one another; as if we were made for one another's uses; as the inferior ranks of creatures are for our's。 Every one; as he is bound to preserve himself; and not to quit his station wilfully; so by the like reason; when his own preservation comes not in competition; ought he; as much as he can; to preserve the rest of mankind; and may not; unless it be to do justice on an offender; take away; or impair the life; or what tends to the preservation of the life; the liberty; health; limb; or goods of another。 Sect。 7。 And that all men may be restrained from invading others rights; and from doing hurt to one another; and the law of nature be observed; which willeth the peace and preservation of all mankind; the execution of the law of nature is; in that state; put into every man's hands; whereby every one has a right to punish the transgressors of that law to such a degree; as may hinder its violation: for the law of nature would; as all other laws that concern men in this world 'be in vain; if there were no body that in the state of nature had a power to execute that law; and thereby preserve the innocent and restrain offenders。 And if any one in the state of nature may punish another for any evil he has done; every one may do so: for in that state of perfect equality; where naturally there is no superiority or jurisdiction of one over another; what any may do in prosecution of that law; every one must needs have a right to do。 Sect。 8。 And thus; in the state of nature; one man comes by a power over another; but yet no absolute or arbitrary power; to use a criminal; when he has got him in his hands; according to the passionate heats; or boundless extravagancy of his own will; but only to retribute to him; so far as calm reason and conscience dictate; what is proportionate to his transgression; which is so much as may serve for reparation and restraint: for these two are
温馨提示: 温看小说的同时发表评论,说出自己的看法和其它小伙伴们分享也不错哦!发表书评还可以获得积分和经验奖励,认真写原创书评 被采纳为精评可以获得大量金币、积分和经验奖励哦!