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second treatise of government-第2章

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 fountain of all power; Adam's private  dominion and paternal jurisdiction; so that he that will not  give just occasion to think that all government in the world is  the product only of force and violence; and that men live  together by no other rules but that of beasts; where the  strongest carries it; and so lay a foundation for perpetual  disorder and mischief; tumult; sedition and rebellion; (things  that the followers of that hypothesis so loudly cry out against)  must of necessity find out another rise of government; another  original of political power; and another way of designing and  knowing the persons that have it; than what Sir Robert Filmer  hath taught us。      Sect。 2。 To this purpose; I think it may not be amiss; to  set down what I take to be political power; that the power of a  MAGISTRATE over a subject may be distinguished from that of a  FATHER over his children; a MASTER over his servant; a HUSBAND  over his wife; and a LORD over his slave。  All which distinct  powers happening sometimes together in the same man; if he be  considered under these different relations; it may help us to  distinguish these powers one from wealth; a father of a family;  and a captain of a galley。      Sect。 3。 POLITICAL POWER; then; I take to be a RIGHT of  making laws with penalties of death; and consequently all less  penalties; for the regulating and preserving of property; and of  employing the force of the community; in the execution of such  laws; and in the defence of the common…wealth from foreign  injury; and all this only for the public good。




                           C H A P。 I I。

                    Of the State of Nature。

     Sect。 4。 TO understand political power right; and derive it  from its original; we must consider; what state all men are  naturally in; and that is; a state of perfect freedom to order  their actions; and dispose of their possessions and persons; as  they think fit; within the bounds of the law of nature; without  asking leave; or depending upon the will of any other man。      A state also of equality; wherein all the power and  jurisdiction is reciprocal; no one having more than another;  there being nothing more evident; than that creatures of the same  species and rank; promiscuously born to all the same advantages  of nature; and the use of the same faculties; should also be  equal one amongst another without subordination or subjection;  unless the lord and master of them all should; by any manifest  declaration of his will; set one above another; and confer on  him; by an evident and clear appointment; an undoubted right to  dominion and sovereignty。      Sect。 5。 This equality of men by nature; the judicious  Hooker looks upon as so evident in itself; and beyond all  question; that he makes it the foundation of that obligation to  mutual love amongst men; on which he builds the duties they owe  one another; and from whence he derives the great maxims of  justice and charity。 His words are;      The like natural inducement hath brought men to know     that it is no less their duty; to love others than     themselves; for seeing those things which are equal; must     needs all have one measure; if I cannot but wish to     receive good; even as much at every man's hands; as any     man can wish unto his own soul; how should I look to have     any part of my desire herein satisfied; unless myself be     careful to satisfy the like desire; which is undoubtedly     in other men; being of one and the same nature? To have     any thing offered them repugnant to this desire; must     needs in all respects grieve them as much as me; so that     if I do harm; I must look to suffer; there being no     reason that others should shew greater measure of love     to me; than they have by me shewed unto them: my desire     therefore to be loved of my equals in nature as much as     possible may be; imposeth upon  me  a  natural duty of     bearing to them…ward fully the like affection; from which     relation of equality between ourselves and them that are      as ourselves; what several rules and canons natural     reason  hath drawn; for direction of life; no man is     ignorant; Eccl。 Pol。 Lib。 1。      Sect。 6。 But though this be a state of liberty; yet it is  not a state of licence: though man in that state have an  uncontroulable liberty to dispose of his person or possessions;  yet he has not liberty  to destroy himself; or so much as any  creature in his possession; but where some nobler use than its  bare preservation calls for it。  The state of nature has a law  of nature to govern it; which obliges every one: and reason;  which is that law; teaches all mankind; who will but consult it;  that being all equal and independent; no one ought to harm  another in his life; health; liberty; or possessions: for men  being all the workmanship of one  omnipotent;  and  infinitely   wise maker; all the servants of one sovereign master; sent into  the world by his order; and about his business; they are his  property; whose workmanship they are; made to last during his;  not one  another's pleasure: and being furnished with like  faculties; sharing all in one community of nature;  there  cannot   be  supposed  any such  subordination among us; that may  authorize us to destroy one another; as if we were made for one  another's uses; as the inferior ranks of creatures are for our's。   Every one; as he is bound  to  preserve himself; and not to  quit his station wilfully; so by the like reason; when his own  preservation comes not in competition; ought he;  as much as he  can; to preserve the rest of mankind; and  may  not; unless it  be to do justice on an offender; take away; or impair the life;  or what tends to the preservation of the life; the liberty;  health; limb; or goods of another。     Sect。 7。  And that all men may be restrained from invading  others rights; and from doing hurt to one another; and the law of  nature be observed; which willeth the peace and preservation of  all mankind; the execution of the law of nature is; in that  state; put into every man's hands; whereby every one has a right  to punish the  transgressors of that law to such a degree; as may  hinder its violation: for the law of nature would; as all other  laws that concern men in this world 'be in vain; if there were no  body that in the state of nature had a power to execute that  law; and thereby preserve the innocent and restrain offenders。   And if any one in the state of nature may punish another for any  evil he has done; every one may do so: for in that state of  perfect equality; where naturally there is no superiority or  jurisdiction of one over another; what any may do in prosecution  of that law; every one must needs have a right to do。            Sect。 8。 And thus; in the state of nature; one man comes by  a power over another; but yet no absolute or arbitrary power; to  use a criminal; when he has got him in his hands; according to  the passionate heats; or boundless extravagancy of his own will;  but only to retribute to him; so far as calm reason and  conscience dictate; what is proportionate to his transgression;  which is so much as may serve for reparation and restraint:  for these two are 
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