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the Sanscrit pura； which signifies the same。 Purrum is a modification of the Wallachian pur； a word derived from the Latin porrum； an onion； and picked up by the Gypsies in Roumania or Wallachia； the natives of which region speak a highly curious mixture of Latin and Sclavonian。
LOVEL。This is the name or title of an old and powerful English family。 The meaning of it is Leo's town； Lowe's town； or Louis' town。 The Gypsies； who adopted it； seem to have imagined that it had something to do with love； for they translated it by Camlo or Caumlo； that which is lovely or amiable； and also by Camomescro； a lover； an amorous person； sometimes used for 'friend。' Camlo is connected with the Sanscrit Cama； which signifies love； and is the appellation of the Hindoo god of love。 A name of the same root as the one borne by that divinity was not altogether inapplicable to the Gypsy tribe who adopted it： Cama； if all tales be true； was black； black though comely； a Beltenebros； and the Lovel tribe is decidedly the most comely and at the same time the darkest of all the Anglo…Egyptian families。 The faces of many of them； male and female； are perfect specimens of black beauty。 They are generally called by the race the Kaulo Camloes； the Black Comelies。 And here； though at the risk of being thought digressive； the writer cannot forbear saying that the darkest and at one time the comeliest of all the Caumlies； a celebrated fortune…teller； and an old friend of his； lately expired in a certain old town； after attaining an age which was something wonderful。 She had twenty…one brothers and sisters； and was the eldest of the family； on which account she was called 〃Rawnie P。； pooroest of bis ta dui；〃 Lady P。she had married out of the family eldest of twenty…two。
MARSHALL。The name Marshall has either to do with marshal； the title of a high military personage； or marches； the borders of contiguous countries。 In the early Norman period it was the name of an Earl of Pembroke。 The Gypsies who adopted the name seem in translating it to have been of opinion that it was connected with marshes； for they rendered it by mokkado tan engre； fellows of the wet or miry place； an appellation which at one time certainly became them well； for they are a northern tribe belonging to the Border； a country not very long ago full of mosses and miry places。 Though calling themselves English； they are in reality quite as much Scotch as English； and as often to be found in Scotland as the other country； especially in Dumfriesshire and Galloway； in which latter region； in Saint Cuthbert's churchyard； lies buried 'the old man' of the race； Marshall； who died at the age of 107。 They sometimes call themselves Bungyoror and Chikkeneymengre； cork…fellows and china people； which names have reference to the occupations severally followed by the males and females； the former being cutters of bungs and corks； and the latter menders of china。
STANLEY。This is the name or title of an ancient English family celebrated in history。 It is probably descriptive of their original place of residence； for it signifies the stony lea； which is also the meaning of the Gaelic Auchinlech； the place of abode of the Scottish Boswells。 It was adopted by an English Gypsy tribe； at one time very numerous； but at present much diminished。 Of this name there are two renderings into Romany； one is Baryor or Baremescre； stone…folks or stonemasons； the other is Beshaley。 The first requires no comment； but the second is well worthy of analysis； as it is an example of the strange blunders which the Gypsies sometimes make in their attempts at translation。 When they rendered Stanley by Beshaley or Beshley； they mistook the first syllable stan for 'stand；' but for a very good reason rendered it by besh； which signifies 'to sit； and the second for a word in their own language； for ley or aley in Gypsy signifies 'down；' so they rendered Stanley by Beshley or Beshaley； which signifies 'sit down。' Here； of course； it will be asked what reason could have induced them； if they mistook stan for 'stand；' not to have rendered it by the Gypsy word for 'stand'？ The reason was a very cogent one； the want of a word in the Gypsy language to express 'stand'； but they had heard in courts of justice witnesses told to stand down； so they supposed that to stand down was much the same as to sit down； whence their odd rendering of Stanley。 In no dialect of the Gypsy； from the Indus to the Severn； is there any word for 'stand；' though in every one there is a word for 'sit；' and that is besh； and in every Gypsy encampment all along the vast distance； Beshley or Beshaley would be considered an invitation to sit down。
So much for the double…name system in use among the Gypsies of England。 There is something in connection with the Gypsies of Spain which strangely coincides with one part of itthe translation of names。 Among the relics of the language of the Gitanos or Spanish Gypsies are words； some simple and some compound； which are evidently attempts to translate names in a manner corresponding to the plan employed by the English Romany。 In illustration of the matter； the writer will give an analysis of Brono Aljenicato； the rendering into Gitano of the name of one frequently mentioned in the New Testament； and once in the Apostles' Creed； the highly respectable； but much traduced individual known to the English public as Pontius Pilate； to the Spanish as Poncio Pilato。 The manner in which the rendering has been accomplished is as follows： Poncio bears some resemblance to the Spanish puente； which signifies a bridge； and is a modification of the Latin pons； and Pilato to the Spanish pila； a fountain； or rather a stone pillar； from the top of which the waters of a fountain springing eventually fall into a stone basin below； the two words the Brono Aljenicatosignifying bridge…fountain； or that which is connected with such a thing。 Now this is the identical； or all but the identical； way in which the names Lee； Lovel； and Stanley have been done into English Romany。 A remarkable instance is afforded in this Gitano Scripture name； this Brono Aljenicato； of the heterogeneous materials of which Gypsy dialects are composed： Brono is a modification of a Hindoo or Sanscrit； Aljenicato of an Arabic root。 Brono is connected with the Sanscrit pindala； which signifies a bridge； and Aljenicato is a modification of the Gypsy aljenique； derived from the Arabic alain； which signifies the fountain。 But of whatever materials composed； a fine…sounding name is this same Brono Aljenicato； perhaps the finest sounding specimen of Spanish Gypsy extant； much finer than a translation of Pontius Pilate would be； provided the name served to express the same things； in English； which Poncio Pilato serves to express in Spanish； for then it would be Pudjico Pani or Bridgewater； for though in English Gypsy there is the word for a bridge； namely pudge； a modification of the Persian pul； or the Wallachian podul； there is none for a fountain； which can be only vaguely paraphrased by pani； water。
FORTUNE…TELLING
Gypsy women； as long as we have known anything of Gypsy history； have been arrant fortune…tellers。 They plied fortune