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se of pope Clement VII。 when the troops of the emperor took the city by assault； and this only； while he resided at the Vatican； from whence there is a covered gallery continued to the castle： it can never serve this purpose again； while the pontiff lives on Monte Cavallo； which is at the other end of the city。 The castle of St。 Angelo； howsoever ridiculous as a fortress； appears respectable as a noble monument of antiquity； and though standing in a low situation； is one of the first objects that strike the eye of a stranger approaching Rome。 On the opposite side of the river； are the wretched remains of the Mausoleum Augusti； which was still more magnificent。 Part of the walls is standing； and the terraces are converted into garden…ground。 In viewing these ruins； I remembered Virgil's pathetic description of Marcellus； who was here intombed。
Quantos ille virum； magnum mavortis ad urbem。 Campus aget gemitus； vel que Tyberine； videbis Funera； cum tumulum； preter labere recentem。
Along his Banks what Groans shall Tyber hear； When the fresh tomb and funeral pomp appear！
The beautiful poem of Ovid de Consolatione ad Liviam； written after the ashes of Augustus and his nephew Marcellus； of Germanicus； Agrippa； and Drusus； were deposited in this mausoleum； concludes with these lines； which are extremely tender：
Claudite jam Parcae nimium reserata sepulchra； Claudite； plus justo； jam domus ista patet！
Ah！ shut these yawning Tombs； ye sister Fates！ Too long unclos'd have stood those dreary Gates！
What the author said of the monument； you will be tempted to say of this letter； which I shall therefore close in the old stile； assuring you that I ever am；Yours most affectionately。
LETTER XXXI
NICE； March 5； 1765
DEAR SIR；In my last I gave you my opinion freely of the modern palaces of Italy。 I shall now hazard my thoughts upon the gardens of this country； which the inhabitants extol with all the hyperboles of admiration and applause。 I must acknowledge however； I have not seen the famous villas at Frascati and Tivoli； which are celebrated for their gardens and waterworks。 I intended to visit these places； but was prevented by an unexpected change of weather； which deterred me from going to the country。 On the last day of September the mountains of Palestrina were covered with snow； and the air became so cold at Rome； that I was forced to put on my winter cloaths。 This objection continued； till I found it necessary to set out on my return to Florence。 But I have seen the gardens of the Poggio Imperiale； and the Palazzo de Pitti at Florence； and those of the Vatican； of the pope's palace on Monte Cavallo； of the Villa Ludovisia； Medicea； and Pinciana； at Rome； so that I think I have some right to judge of the Italian taste in gardening。 Among those I have mentioned； that of the Villa Pinciana； is the most remarkable； and the most extensive； including a space of three miles in circuit； hard by the walls of Rome； containing a variety of situations high and low； which favour all the natural embellishments one would expect to meet with in a garden； and exhibit a diversity of noble views of the city and adjacent country。
In a fine extensive garden or park； an Englishman expects to see a number of groves and glades； intermixed with an agreeable negligence； which seems to be the effect of nature and accident。 He looks for shady walks encrusted with gravel； for open lawns covered with verdure as smooth as velvet； but much more lively and agreeable； for ponds； canals； basins； cascades； and running streams of water； for clumps of trees； woods； and wildernesses； cut into delightful alleys； perfumed with honeysuckle and sweet… briar； and resounding with the mingled melody of all the singing birds of heaven： he looks for plats of flowers in different parts to refresh the sense； and please the fancy； for arbours； grottos； hermitages； temples； and alcoves； to shelter him from the sun； and afford him means of contemplation and repose； and he expects to find the hedges； groves； and walks； and lawns kept with the utmost order and propriety。 He who loves the beauties of simple nature； and the charms of neatness will seek for them in vain amidst the groves of Italy。 In the garden of the Villa Pinciana； there is a plantation of four hundred pines； which the Italians view with rapture and admiration： there is likewise a long walk； of trees extending from the garden…gate to the palace； and plenty of shade； with alleys and hedges in different parts of the ground： but the groves are neglected； the walks are laid with nothing but common mould or sand； black and dusty； the hedges are tall； thin and shabby； the trees stunted； the open ground； brown and parched； has scarce any appearance of verdure。 The flat； regular alleys of evergreens are cut into fantastic figures； the flower gardens embellished with thin cyphers and flourished figures in box； while the flowers grow in rows of earthen…pots； and the ground appears as dusky as if it was covered with the cinders of a blacksmith's forge。 The water； of which there is great plenty； instead of being collected in large pieces； or conveyed in little rivulets and streams to refresh the thirsty soil； or managed so as to form agreeable cascades； is squirted from fountains in different parts of the garden； through tubes little bigger than common glyster…pipes。 It must be owned indeed that the fountains have their merit in the way of sculpture and architecture； and that here is a great number of statues which merit attention： but they serve only to encumber the ground； and destroy that effect of rural simplicity； which our gardens are designed to produce。 In a word； here we see a variety of walks and groves and fountains； a wood of four hundred pines； a paddock with a few meagre deer； a flower…garden； an aviary； a grotto； and a fish…pond； and in spite of all these particulars； it is； in my opinion； a very contemptible garden； when compared to that of Stowe in Buckinghamshire； or even to those of Kensington and Richmond。 The Italians understand； because they study； the excellencies of art； but they have no idea of the beauties of nature。 This Villa Pinciana； which belongs to the Borghese family； would make a complete academy for painting and sculpture； especially for the study of antient marbles； for； exclusive of the statues and busts in the garden； and the vast collection in the different apartments； almost the whole outside of the house is covered with curious pieces in basso and alto relievo。 The most masterly is that of Curtius on horseback； leaping into the gulph or opening of the earth； which is said to have closed on receiving this sacrifice。 Among the exhibitions of art within the house； I was much struck with a Bacchus； and the death of Meleager； represented on an antient sepulchre。 There is also an admirable statue of Silenus； with the infant Bacchus in his arms； a most beautiful gladiator； a curious Moor of black marble； with a shirt of white alabaster； a finely proportioned bull of black marble also； standing upon a table of alabaster； a black gipsey with a head； hands； and feet of brass