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ror Titus Vespasian。 In the same quarter was the Circus Maximus； and the whole space from hence on both sides； to the walls of Rome； comprehending above twice as much ground as the modern city； is almost covered with the monuments of antiquity。 I suppose there is more concealed below ground than appears above。 The miserable houses； and even garden…walls of the peasants in this district； are built with these precious materials。 I mean shafts and capitals of marble columns； heads； arms； legs； and mutilated trunks of statues。 What pity it is that among all the remains of antiquity； at Rome； there is not one lodging…house remaining。 I should be glad to know how the senators of Rome were lodged。 I want to be better informed touching the cava aedium； the focus； the ara deorum penatum； the conclavia； triclinia； and caenationes； the atria where the women resided； and employed themselves in the woolen manufacture； the praetoria； which were so spacious as to become a nuisance in the reign of Augustus； and the Xysta； which were shady walks between two porticos； where the men exercised themselves in the winter。 I am disgusted by the modern taste of architecture； though I am no judge of the art。 The churches and palaces of these days are crowded with pretty ornaments； which distract the eye； and by breaking the design into a variety of little parts； destroy the effect of the whole。 Every door and window has its separate ornaments； its moulding； frize； cornice。 and tympanum； then there is such an assemblage of useless festoons； pillars； pilasters； with their architraves； entablatures； and I know not what； that nothing great or uniform remains to fill the view； and we in vain look for that simplicity of grandeur； those large masses of light and shadow； and the inexpressible EUSUINOPTON； which characterise the edifices of the antients。 A great edifice； to have its full effect； ought to be isole； or detached from all others； with a large space around it： but the palaces of Rome； and indeed of all the other cities of Italy； which I have seen； are so engaged among other mean houses； that their beauty and magnificence are in a great measure concealed。 Even those which face open streets and piazzas are only clear in front。 The other apartments are darkened by the vicinity of ordinary houses； and their views are confined by dirty and disagreeable objects。 Within the court there is generally a noble colonnade all round； and an open corridore above； but the stairs are usually narrow； steep； and high； the want of sash…windows； the dullness of their small glass lozenges； the dusty brick floors； and the crimson hangings laced with gold； contribute to give a gloomy air to their apartments； I might add to these causes； a number of Pictures executed on melancholy subjects； antique mutilated statues； busts； basso relieves； urns； and sepulchral stones； with which their rooms are adorned。 It must be owned； however； there are some exceptions to this general rule。 The villa of cardinal Alexander Albani is light； gay； and airy； yet the rooms are too small； and too much decorated with carving and gilding； which is a kind of gingerbread work。 The apartments of one of the princes Borghese are furnished in the English taste； and in the palazzo di colonna connestabile； there is a saloon； or gallery； which； for the proportions； lights； furniture； and ornaments； is the most noble； elegant； and agreeable apartment I ever saw。
It is diverting to hear all Italian expatiate upon the greatness of modern Rome。 He will tell you there are above three hundred palaces in the city； that there is scarce a Roman prince； whose revenue does not exceed two hundred thousand crowns； and that Rome produces not only the most learned men； but also the most refined politicians in the universe。 To one of them talking in this strain； I replied； that instead of three hundred palaces； the number did not exceed fourscore； that I had been informed； on good authority； there were not six individuals in Rome who had so much as forty thousand crowns a year； about ten thousand pounds sterling； and that to say their princes were so rich； and their politicians so refined； was； in effect； a severe satire upon them； for not employing their wealth and their talents for the advantage of their country。 I asked why their cardinals and princes did not invite and encourage industrious people to settle and cultivate the Campania of Rome； which is a desert？ why they did not raise a subscription to drain the marshes in the neighbourhood of the city； and thus meliorate the air； which is rendered extremely unwholsome in the summer； by putrid exhalations from those morasses？ I demanded of him； why they did not contribute their wealth； and exert their political refinements； in augmenting their forces by sea and land； for the defence of their country； introducing commerce and manufactures； and in giving some consequence to their state； which was no more than a mite in the political scale of Europe？ I expressed a desire to know what became of all those sums of money； inasmuch as there was hardly any circulation of gold and silver in Rome； and the very bankers； on whom strangers have their credit； make interest to pay their tradesmen's bills with paper notes of the bank of Spirito Santo？ And now I am upon this subject； it may not be amiss to observe that I was strangely misled by all the books consulted about the current coin of Italy。 In Tuscany； and the Ecclesiastical State； one sees nothing but zequines in gold； and pieces of two paoli； one paolo； and half a paolo； in silver。 Besides these； there is a copper coin at Rome； called bajocco and mezzo bajocco。 Ten bajocchi make a paolo： ten paoli make a scudo； which is an imaginary piece： two scudi make a zequine； and a French loui'dore is worth two zequines and two paoli。
Rome has nothing to fear from the catholic powers； who respect it with a superstitious veneration as the metropolitan seat of their religion： but the popes will do well to avoid misunderstandings with the maritime protestant states； especially the English； who being masters of the Mediterranean； and in possession of Minorca； have it in their power at all times； to land a body of troops within four leagues of Rome； and to take the city； without opposition。 Rome is surrounded with an old wall； but altogether incapable of defence。 Or if it was； the circuit of the walls is so extensive； that it would require a garrison of twenty thousand men。 The only appearance of a fortification in this city； is the castle of St。 Angelo； situated on the further bank of the Tyber； to which there is access by a handsome bridge： but this castle； which was formerly the moles Adriani； could not hold out half a day against a battery of ten pieces of cannon properly directed。 It was an expedient left to the invention of the modern Romans； to convert an ancient tomb into a citadel。 It could only serve as a temporary retreat for the pope in times of popular commotion； and on other sudden emergencies； as it happened in the case of pope Clement VII。 when the troops of the emperor took the city by assault； and this only； wh