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rkenwell； Islington； Finsbury Fields； Mile End Green； and Ratcliffe； for greater convenience of the citizens。 For those who were unable to buy provisions； the king commanded the victualler of his navy to send bread into Moorfields； and distribute it amongst them。 And as divers distressed people had saved some of their goods； of which they knew not where to dispose； he ordered that churches； chapels； schools； and such like places in and around Westminster； should be free and open to receive and protect them。 He likewise directed that all cities and towns should； without contradiction or opposition； receive the citizens and permit them free exercise of their manual labours： he promising； when the present exigency had passed away； to take care the said persons should be no burden to such towns as received them。
The people were therefore speedily relieved。 Many of them found refuge with their friends and relatives in the country； and others sought homes in the districts of Westminster and Southwark： so that in four days from the termination of the fire； there was scarce a person remaining in the fields； where such numbers had taken refuge。
The first hardships consequent to the calamity having passed away； people were anxious to trace the cause of their sufferings； which they were unwilling to consider accidental。 A rumour therefore sprang up； that the great fire resulted from a wicked plot； hatched by Jesuits； for the destruction of an heretical city。 At this the king was sorely troubled； for though there was no evidence which led him to place faith in the report； yet a great body of the citizens and many members of his council held it true。 Therefore； in order to appease such doubts as arose in his mind； and likewise to satisfy the people； he appointed his privy council to sit morning and evening to inquire into the matter； and examine evidences set forth against those who had been charged with the outrage and cast into prison during the conflagration。
And in order that the investigation might be conducted with greater rigour he sent into the country for the lord chief justice； who was dreaded by all for his unflinching severity。 The lord chancellor； in his account of these transactions； assures us many of the witnesses who gave evidence against those indicted with firing the capital 〃were produced as if their testimony would remove all doubts； but made such senseless relations of what they had been told； without knowing the condition of the persons who told them； or where to find them； that it was a hard matter to forbear smiling at their declarations。〃 Amongst those examined was one Roger Hubert； who accused himself of having deliberately set the city on fire。 This man； then in his twenty…fifth year； was son of a watchmaker residing in Rouen。 Hubert had practised the same trade both in that town and in London； and was believed by his fellow workmen to be demented。 When brought before the chief justice and privy council； Hubert with great coolness stated he had set the first house on fire： for which act he had been paid a year previously in Paris。 When asked who had hired him to accomplish this evil deed； he replied he did not know； for he had never seen the man before： and when further questioned regarding the sum he had received； he declared it was but one pistole； but he had been promised five pistoles more when he should have done his work。 These ridiculous answers； together with some contradictory statements he made； inclined many persons； amongst whom was the chief justice； to doubt his confession。 Later on in his examinations； he was asked if he knew where the house had stood which he set on fire； to which he replied in the affirmative； and on being taken into the city； pointed out the spot correctly。
In the eyes of many this was regarded as proof of his guilt； though others stated that； having lived in the city； he must necessarily become acquainted with the position of the baker's shop。 Opinion was therefore somewhat divided regarding him。 The chief justice told the king 〃that all his discourse was so disjointed that he did not believe him guilty。〃 Yet having voluntarily accused himself of a monstrous deed； and being determined as it seemed to rid himself of life； he was condemned to death and speedily executed。
Lord Clarendon says： 〃Neither the judges nor any present at the trial did believe him guilty； but that he was a poor distracted wretch； weary of his life； and chose to part with it in this way。 Certain it is that upon the strictest examination that could be afterwards made by the king's command； and then by the diligence of the House； that upon the jealousy and rumour made a committee； that was very diligent and solicitous to make that discovery； there was never any probable evidence （that poor creature's only excepted） that there was any other cause of that woful fire than the displeasure of God Almighty： the first accident of the beginning in a baker's house； where there was so great a stock of faggots； and the neighbourhood of such combustible matter； of pitch and rosin； and the like； led it in an instant from house to house； through Thames Street； with the agitation of so terrible a wind to scatter and disperse it。〃
But belief that the dreaded papists had set fire to the city； lingered in the minds of many citizens。 When the city was rebuilt； this opinion found expression in an inscription cut over the doorway of a house opposite the spot where the fire began； which ran as follows：
〃Here； by the permission of heaven； hell broke loose on this protestant city from the malicious hearts of barbarous papists； by the hand of their agent Hubert； who confessed； and on the ruins of this place declared the fact； for which he was hanged。 Erected in the mayoralty of Sir Patience Ward； Knight。〃
The loss caused by this dreadful conflagration was estimated at ten million sterling。 According to a certificate of Jonas Moore and Ralph Gatrix； surveyors appointed to examine the ruins； the fire overrun 373 acres within the walls； burning 13；200 houses； 89 parish churches； numerous chapels； the Royal Exchange； Custom House； Guildhall； Blackwell Hall； St。 Paul's Cathedral； Bridewell； fifty…two halls of the city companies； and three city gates。
As speedily as might be； the king and his parliament then sitting at Oxford； sought to restore the city on a scale vastly superior to its former condition。 And the better to effect this object； an act of parliament was passed that public buildings should be rebuilt with public money； raised by a tax on coals； that the churches and the cathedral of St。 Paul's should be reconstructed from their foundations； that bridges； gates and prisons should be built anew； the streets made straight and regular； such as were steep made level； such as were narrow made wide； and； moreover； that every house should be built with party walls； such being of stone or brick； and all houses raised to equal height in front。
And these rules being observed； a stately and magnificent city rose phoenix…like from ruins of the old； so that there was naught to remind the inhabitants of their great calamity save the Monument。 This； designed by Sir Christopher Wren； and buil