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imal passion； the sight of a female alone being sufficient to excite him。 He was said to use both penises； after finishing with one continuing with the other； but this account of him does not agree with later descriptions； in which no excessive sexual ability had been noticed。 Hart describes the adult Santos in full； and accompanies his article with an illustration。 At this time he was said to have developed double genitals； and possibly a double bladder communicating by an imperfect septum。 At adulthood the anus was three inches anterior to the os coceygeus。 In the sitting or lying posture the supernumerary limb rested on the front of the inner surface of the lower third of his left thigh。 He was in the habit of wearing this limb in a sling； or bound firmly to the right thigh； to prevent its unseemly dangling when erect。 The perineum proper was absent； the entire space between the anus and the posterior edge of the scrotum being occupied by the pedicle。 Santos' mental and physical functions were developed above normal； and he impressed everybody with his accomplishments。 Geoffroy…Saint…Hilaire records an instance in which the conformation was similar to that of Santos。 There was a third lower extremity consisting of two limbs fused into one with a single foot containing ten distinct digits。 He calls the case one of arrested twin development。
Van Buren and Keyes describe a case in a man of forty…two； of good； healthy appearance。 The two distinct penises of normal size were apparently well formed and were placed side by side； each attached at its root to the symphysis。 Their covering of skin was common as far as the base of the glans； at this point they seemed distinct and perfect； but the meatus of the left was imperforate。 The right meatus was normal； and through it most of the urine passed； though some always dribbled through an opening in the perineum at a point where the root of the scrotum should have been。 On lifting the double…barreled penis this opening could be seen and was of sufficient size to admit the finger。 On the right side of the aperture was an elongated and rounded prominence similar in outline to a labium majus。 This prominence contained a testicle normal in shape and sensibility； but slightly undersized； and surrounded； as was evident from its mobility； by a tunica vaginalis。 The left testicle lay on the tendon of the adductor longus in the left groin； it was not fully developed； but the patient had sexual desires； erections； and emissions。 Both penises became erect simultaneously； the right more vigorously。 The left leg was shorter than the right and congenitally smaller； the mammae were of normal dimensions。
Sangalli speaks of a man of thirty…five who had a supernumerary penis； furnished with a prepuce and capable of erection。 At the apex of the glans opened a canal about 12 cm。 long； through which escaped monthly a serous fluid。 Smith mentions a man who had two penises and two bladders； on one of which lithotomy was performed。 According to Ballantyne； Taruffi； the scholarly observer of terata； mentions a child of forty…two months and height of 80 cm。 who had two penises； each furnished with a urethra and well…formed scrotal sacs which were inserted in a fold of the groin。 There were two testicles felt in the right scrotum and one in the left。 Fecal evacuations escaped through two anal orifices。 There is also another case mentioned similar to the foregoing in a man of forty； but here there was an osseous projection in the middle line behind the bladder。 This patient said that erection was simultaneous in both penises； and that he had not married because of his chagrin over his deformity。 Cole speaks of a child with two well…developed male organs； one to the left and the other to the right of the median line； and about 1/4 or 1/2 inch apart at birth。 The urethra bifurcated in the perineal region and sent a branch to each penis； and urine passed from each meatus。 The scrotum was divided into three compartments by two raphes； and each compartment contained a testicle。 The anus at birth was imperforate； but the child was successfully operated on； and at its sixtieth day weighed 17 pounds。
Lange says that an infant was brought to Karg for relief of anal atresia when fourteen days old。 It was found to possess duplicate penises； which communicated each to its distinct half of the bladder as defined by a median fold。 The scrotum was divided into three portions by two raphes； and each lateral compartment contained a fully formed testicle。 This child died because of its anal malformation； which we notice is a frequent associate of malformations or duplicity of the penis。 There is an example in an infant described in which there were two penises； each about 1/2 inch long； and a divided scrotal sac 21 inches long。 Englisch speaks of a German of forty who possessed a double penis of the bifid type。
Ballantyne and his associates define diphallic terata as individuals provided with two more or less well…formed and more or less separate penises； who may show also other malformations of the adjoining parts and organs （e。g。； septate bladder）； but who are not possessed of more than two lower limbs。 This definition excludes； therefore； the cases in which in addition to a double penis there is a supernumerary lower extremitysuch a case； for example； as that of Jean Baptista dos Santos； so frequently described by teratologists。 It also excludes the more evident double terata； and； of course； the cases of duplication of the female genital organs （double clitoris； vulva； vagina； and uterus）。 Although Schurig； Meckel； Himly； Taruffi； and others give bibliographic lists of diphallic terata； even in them erroneous references are common； and there is evidence to show that many cases have been duplicated under different names。 Ballantyne and Skirving have consulted all the older original references available and eliminated duplications of reports and； adhering to their original definition； have collected and described individually 20 cases； they offer the following conclusions：
1。 Diphallus； or duplication of the penis in an otherwise apparently single individual； is a very rare anomaly； records of only 20 cases having been found in a fairly exhaustive search through teratologic literature。 As a distinct and well…authenticated type it has only quite recently been recognized by teratologists。
2。 It does not of itself interfere with intrauterine or extrauterine life； but the associated anomalies （e。g。； atresia ani） may be sources of danger。 If not noticed at birth； it is not usually discovered till adult life； and even then the discovery is commonly accidental。
3。 With regard to the functions of the pelvic viscera； urine may be passed by both penises； by one only； or by neither。 In the last instance it finds exit by an aperture in the perineum。 There is reason to believe that semen may be passed in the same way； but in most of the recorded cases there has been sterility； if not inability to perform the sexual act。
4。 All the degrees of duplication have been met with； from a fissure of the glans penis to the presence of two distinct penises inserted at some distance from each other in the inguinal regions。
5。 The