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his statement； however； occurs in a work which is not mentioned by any of the ancient authorities； and is rejected by practically all the modern ones； according to Ballantyne； there is； therefore； no absolute proof that Hippocrates was a believer in one of the most popular and long…persisting beliefs concerning fetal deformities。
In the explanation of heredity； Hippocrates states 〃that the body of the male as well as that of the female furnishes the semen。 That which is weak （unhealthy） is derived from weak （unhealthy） parts； that which is strong （healthy） from strong （healthy） parts； and the fetus will correspond to the quality of the semen。 If the semen of one part come in greater quantity from the male than from the female； this part will resemble more closely the father； if； however； it comes more from the female； the part will rather resemble the mother。 If it be true that the semen comes from both parents； then it is impossible for the whole body to resemble either the mother or the father； or neither the one nor the other in anything； but necessarily the child will resemble both the one and the other in something。 The child will most resemble the one who contributes most to the formation of the parts。〃 Such was the Hippocratic theory of generation and heredity； and it was ingeniously used to explain the hereditary nature of certain diseases and malformations。 For instance； in speaking of the sacred disease （epilepsy）； Hippocrates says： 〃Its origin is hereditary； like that of other diseases； for if a phlegmatic person be born of a phlegmatic； and a bilious of a bilious； and a phthisical of a phthisical； and one having spleen disease of another having disease of the spleen； what is to hinder it from happening that where the father and mother were subject to this disease certain of their offspring should be so affected also？ As the semen comes from all parts of the body； healthy particles will come from healthy parts； and unhealthy from unhealthy parts。〃
According to Pare； Damascene saw a girl with long hair like a bear； whose mother had constantly before her a picture of the hairy St。 John。 Pare also appends an illustration showing the supposed resemblance to a bear。 Jonston quotes a case of Heliodorus； it was an Ethiopian； who by the effect of the imagination produced a white child。 Pare describes this case more fully： 〃Heliodorus says that Persina； Queen of Ethiopia； being impregnated by Hydustes； also an Ethiopian； bore a daughter with a white skin； and the anomaly was ascribed to the admiration that a picture of Andromeda excited in Persina throughout the whole of the pregnancy。〃 Van Helmont cites the case of a tailor's wife at Mechlin； who during a conflict outside her house； on seeing a soldier lose his hand at her door； gave birth to a daughter with one hand； the other hand being a bleeding stump； he also speaks of the case of the wife of a merchant at Antwerp； who after seeing a soldier's arm shot off at the siege of Ostend gave birth to a daughter with one arm。 Plot speaks of a child bearing the figure of a mouse； when pregnant； the mother had been much frightened by one of these animals。 Gassendus describes a fetus with the traces of a wound in the same location as one received by the mother。 The Lancet speaks of several casesone of a child with a face resembling a dog whose mother had been bitten； one of a child with one eye blue and the other black； whose mother during confinement had seen a person so marked； of an infant with fins as upper and lower extremities； the mother having seen such a monster； and another； a child born with its feet covered with scalds and burns； whose mother had been badly frightened by fireworks and a descending rocket。 There is the history of a woman who while pregnant at seven months with her fifth child was bitten on the right calf by a dog。 Ten weeks after； she bore a child with three marks corresponding in size and appearance to those caused by the dog's teeth on her leg。 Kerr reports the case of a woman in her seventh month whose daughter fell on a cooking stove； shocking the mother； who suspected fatal burns。 The woman was delivered two months later of an infant blistered about the mouth and extremities in a manner similar to the burns of her sister。 This infant died on the third day； but another was born fourteen months later with the same blisters。 Inflammation set in and nearly all the fingers and toes sloughed of。 In a subsequent confinement； long after the mental agitation； a healthy unmarked infant was born。
Hunt describes a case which has since become almost classic of a woman fatally burned； when pregnant eight months； by her clothes catching fire at the kitchen grate。 The day after the burns labor began and was terminated by the birth of a well…formed dead female child； apparently blistered and burned in extent and in places corresponding almost exactly to the locations of the mother's injuries。 The mother died on the fourth day。
Webb reports the history of a negress who during a convulsion while pregnant fell into a fire； burning the whole front of the abdomen； the front and inside of the thighs to the knees； the external genitals； and the left arm。 Artificial delivery was deemed necessary； and a dead child； seemingly burned much like its mother； except less intensely； was delivered。 There was also one large blister near the inner canthus of the eye and some large blisters about the neck and throat which the mother did not show。 There was no history of syphilis nor of any eruptive fever in the mother； who died on the tenth day with tetanus。
Graham describes a woman of thirty…five； the mother of seven children； who while pregnant was feeding some rabbits； when one of the animals jumped at her with its eyes 〃glaring〃 upon her； causing a sudden fright。 Her child was born hydrocephalic。 Its mouth and face were small and rabbit…shaped。 Instead of a nose； it had a fleshy growth 3/4 inch long by 1/4 inch broad； directed upward at an angle of 45 degrees。 The space between this and the mouth was occupied by a body resembling an adult eye。 Within this were two small； imperfect eyes which moved freely while life lasted （ten minutes）。 The child's integument was covered with dark； downy； short hair。 The woman recovered and afterward bore two normal children。
Parvin mentions an instance of the influence of maternal impression in the causation of a large； vivid； red mark or splotch on the face： 〃When the mother was in Ireland she was badly frightened by a fire in which some cattle were burned。 Again； during the early months of her pregnancy she was frightened by seeing another woman suddenly light the fire with kerosene； and at that time became firmly impressed with the idea that her child would be marked。〃 Parvin also pictures the 〃turtle…man；〃 an individual with deformed extremities； who might be classed as an ectromelus； perhaps as a phocomelus； or seal…like monster。 According to the story； when the mother was a few weeks pregnant her husband； a coarse； rough fisherman； fond of rude jokes； put a large live turtle in the cupboard。 In the twilight the wife went to the cupboard and the huge turtle fell out； greatly startling her by its hideous appearance as it fell su