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no apparent danger of recurrence of the disease。
Self…performed Surgical Operations。There have been instances in which surgeons and even laymen have performed considerable operations upon themselves。 On the battlefield men have amputated
one of their own limbs that had been shattered。 In such cases there would be little pain； and premeditation would not be brought into play in the same degree as in the case of M。 Clever de Maldigny； a surgeon in the Royal Guards of France； who successfully performed a lithotomy on himself before a mirror。 He says that after the operation was completed the urine flowed in abundance； he dressed the wound with lint dipped in an emollient solution； and； being perfectly relieved from pain； fell into a sound sleep。 On the following day； M。 Maldigny says； he was as tranquil and cheerful as if he had never been a sufferer。 A Dutch blacksmith and a German cooper each performed lithotomy on themselves for the intense pain caused by a stone in the bladder。 Tulpius； Walther； and the Ephemerides each report an instance of self…performed cystotomy。
The following case is probably the only instance in which the patient； suffering from vesical calculus； tried to crush and break the stone himself。 J。 B。； a retired draper； born in 1828； while a youth of seventeen； sustained a fracture of the leg； rupture of the urethra； and laceration of the perineum； by a fall down a well； landing astride an iron bar。 A permanent perineal fistula was established； but the patient was averse to any operative remedial measure。 In the year 1852 he became aware of the presence of a calculus； but not until 1872 did he ask for medical assistance。 He explained that he had introduced a chisel through his perineal fistula to the stone； and attempted to comminute it himself and thus remove it； and by so doing had removed about an ounce of the calculus。 The physician started home for his forceps； but during the interval； while walking about in great pain； the man was relieved by the stone bursting through the perineum； falling to the floor； and breaking in two。 Including the ounce already chiselled off； the stone weighed 14 1/2 ounces； and was 10 5/8 inches in its long circumference。 B。 recovered and lived to December； 1883； still believing that he had another piece of stone in his bladder。
In Holden's 〃Landmarks〃 we are told that the operation of dividing the Achilles tendon was first performed by an unfortunate upon himself； by means of a razor。 According to Patterson； the late Mr。 Symes told of a patient in North Scotland who； for incipient hip…disease； had the cautery applied at the Edinburgh Infirmary with resultant great relief。 After returning home to the country he experienced considerable pain； and despite his vigorous efforts he was unable to induce any of the men to use the cautery upon him； they termed it 〃barbarous treatment。〃 In desperation and fully believing in the efficacy of this treatment as the best means of permanently alleviating his pain； the crippled Scotchman heated a poker and applied the cautery himself。
We have already mentioned the marvelous instances of Cesarean sections self…performed； and in the literature of obstetric operations many of the minor type have been done by the patient herself。 In the foregoing cases it is to be understood that the operations have been performed solely from the inability to secure surgical assistance or from the incapacity to endure the pain any longer。 These operations were not the self…mutilations of maniacs； but were performed by rational persons； driven to desperation by pain。
Possibly the most remarkable instances of extensive loss of blood； with recoveries； are to be found in the older records of venesection。 The chronicles of excessive bleeding in the olden days are well known to everybody。 Perhaps no similar practice was so universally indulged in。 Both in sickness and in health； depletion was indicated； and it is no exaggeration to say that about the hospital rooms at times the floors were covered with blood。 The reckless way in which venesection was resorted to； led to its disuse； until to…day it has so vanished from medical practice that even its benefits are overlooked； and depletion is brought about in some other manner。 Turning to the older writers； we find Burton describing a patient from whom he took 122 ounces of blood in four days。 Dover speaks of the removal of 111 and 190 ounces； Galen； of six pounds； and Haen； of 114 ounces。 Taylor relates the history of a case of asphyxia in which he produced a successful issue by extracting one gallon of blood from his patient during twelve hours。 Lucas speaks of 50 venesections being practiced during one pregnancy。 Van der Wiel performed venesection 49 times during a single pregnancy。 Balmes mentions a case in which 500 venesections were performed in twenty…five years。 Laugier mentions 300 venesections in twenty…six months。 Osiander speaks of 8000 ounces of blood being taken away in thirty…five years。 Pechlin reports 155 venesections in one person in sixteen years； and there is a record of 1020 repeated venesections。
The loss of blood through spontaneous hemorrhage is sometimes remarkable。 Fabricius Hildanus reports the loss of 27 pounds of blood in a few days； and there is an older record of 40 pounds being lost in four days。 Horstius； Fabricius Hildanus； and Schenck； all record instances of death from hemorrhage of the gums。 Tulpius speaks of hemoptysis lasting chronically for thirty years； and there is a similar record of forty years' duration in the Ephemerides。 Chapman gives several instances of extreme hemorrhage from epistaxis。 He remarks that Bartholinus has recorded the loss of 48 pounds of blood from the nose； and Rhodius； 18 pounds in thirty…six hours。 The Ephemerides contains an account of epistaxis without cessation for six weeks。 Another writer in an old journal speaks of 75 pounds of blood from epistaxis in ten days。 Chapman also mentions a case in which； by intestinal hemorrhage； eight gallons of blood were lost in a fortnight； the patient recovering。 In another case a pint of blood was lost daily for fourteen days； with recovery。 The loss of eight quarts in three days caused death in another case； and Chapman； again； refers to the loss of three gallons of blood from the bowel in twenty…four hours。 In the case of Michelotti； recorded in the Transactions of the Royal Society； a young man suffering from enlargement of the spleen vomited 12 pounds of blood in two hours； and recovered。
In hemorrhoidal hemorrhages； Lieutaud speaks of six quarts being lost in two days； Hoffman； of 20 pounds in less than twenty…four hours； and Panaroli； of the loss of one pint daily for two years。
Arrow…Wounds。According to Otis the illustrious Baron Percy was wont to declare that military surgery had its origin in the treatment of wounds inflicted by darts and arrows； he used to quote Book XI of the Iliad in behalf of his belief； and to cite the cases of the patients of Chiron and Machaon； Menelaus and Philoctetes； and Eurypiles； treated by Patroclus； he was even tempted to believe with Sextus that the name iatros； medicus； was derived from ios； which in the older times signified 〃sagitta；〃 and that the ea