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tance from her application to him in regard to a malcondition of her sexual apparatus； causing much domestic infelicity。
Lawson speaks of a woman of thirty…five； who had been married ten months； and whose husband could never effect an entrance； yet she became pregnant and had a normal labor； despite the fact that； in addition to a tough and unruptured hymen； she had an occluding vaginal cyst。 Hickinbotham of Birmingham reports the history of two cases of labor at term in females whose hymens were immensely thickened。 H。 Grey Edwards has seen a case of imperforate hymen which had to be torn through in labor； yet one single act of copulation； even with this obstacle to entrance； sufficed to impregnate。 Champion speaks of a woman who became pregnant although her hymen was intact。 She had been in the habit of having coitus by the urethra； and all through her pregnancy continued this practice。
Houghton speaks of a girl of twenty…five into whose vagina it was impossible to pass the tip of the first finger on account of the dense cicatricial membrane in the orifice； but who gave birth； with comparative ease； to a child at full term； the only interference necessary being a few slight incisions to permit the passage of the head。 Tweedie saw an Irish girl of twenty…three； with an imperforate os uteri； who had menstruated only scantily since fourteen and not since her marriage。 She became pregnant and went to term； and required some operative interference。 He incised at the point of usual location of the os； and one of his incisions was followed by the flow of liquor amnii； and the head fell upon the artificial opening； the diameter of which proved to be one and a half or two inches； the birth then progressed promptly； the child being born alive。
Guerard notes an instance in which the opening barely admitted a hair； yet the patient reached the third month of pregnancy； at which time she induced abortion in a manner that could not be ascertained。 Roe gives a case of conception in an imperforate uterus； and Duncan relates the history of a case of pregnancy in an unruptured hymen； characterized by an extraordinary ascent of the uterus。 Among many； the following modern observers have also reported instances of pregnancy with hymen integrum： Braun； 3 cases； Francis； Horton； Oakman； Brill； 2 cases； Burgess； Haig； Hay； and Smith。
Instances in which the presence of an unruptured hymen has complicated or retarded actual labor are quite common； and until the membrane is ruptured by external means the labor is often effectually obstructed。 Among others reporting cases of this nature are Beale； Carey； Davis； Emond Fetherston； Leisenring； Mackinlay； Martinelli； Palmer； Rousseau； Ware； and Yale。
There are many cases of stricture or complete occlusion of the vagina； congenital or acquired from cicatricial contraction； obstructing delivery； and in some the impregnation seems more marvelous than cases in which the obstruction is only a thin membranous hymen。 Often the obstruction is so dense as to require a large bistoury to divide it； and even that is not always sufficient； and the Cesarean operation only can terminate the obstructed delivery； we cannot surmise how conception could have been possible。 Staples records a case of pregnancy and parturition with congenital stricture of the vagina。 Maisonneuve mentions the successful practice of a Cesarean operation in a case of congenital occlusion of the vagina forming a complete obstruction to delivery。 Verdile records an instance of imperforate vagina in which rectovaginal wall was divided and the delivery effected through the rectum and anus。 Lombard mentions an observation of complete occlusion of the vagina in a woman； the mother of 4 living children and pregnant for the fifth time。 Thus； almost incredible to relate； it is possible for a woman to become a mother of a living child and yet preserve all the vaginal evidences of virginity。 Cole describes a woman of twenty…four who was delivered without the rupture of the hymen； and Meek remarks on a similar case。 We can readily see that； in a case like that of Verdile； in which rectal delivery is effected； the hymen could be left intact and the product of conception be born alive。
A natural sequence to the subject of impregnation without entrance is that of artificial impregnation。 From being a matter of wonder and hearsay； it has been demonstrated as a practical and useful method in those cases in which； by reason of some unfortunate anatomic malformation on either the male or the female side； the marriage is unfruitful。 There are many cases constantly occurring in which the birth of an heir is a most desirable thing in a person's life。 The historic instance of Queen Mary of England； whose anxiety and efforts to bear a child were the subject of public comment and prayers； is but an example of a fact that is occurring every day； and doubtless some of these cases could be righted by the pursuance of some of the methods suggested。
There have been rumors from the beginning of the century of women being impregnated in a bath； from contact with cloths containing semen； etc。； and some authorities in medical jurisprudence have accepted the possibility of such an occurrence。 It is not in the province of this work to speculate on what may be； but to give authoritative facts； from which the reader may draw his own deductions。 Fertilization of plants has been thought to have been known in the oldest times； and there are some who believe that the library at Alexandria must have contained some information relative to it。 The first authentic account that we have of artificial impregnation is that of Schwammerdam； who in 1680 attempted it without success by the fecundation of the eggs of fish。 Roesel； his scholar； made an attempt in 1690； but also failed； and to Jacobi； in 1700； belongs the honor of success。 In 1780； Abbe Spallanzani； following up the success of Jacobi； artificially impregnated a bitch； who brought forth in sixty…two days 3 puppies； all resembling the male。 The illustrious John Hunter advised a man afflicted with hypospadias to impregnate his wife by vaginal injections of semen in water with an ordinary syringe； and； in spite of the simplicity of this method； the attempt was followed by a successful issue。 Since this time； Nicholas of Nancy and Lesueur have practised the simple vaginal method； while Gigon； d'Angouleme （14 cases）； Girault （10 cases）； Marion Sims； Thomas； Salmon； Pajot； Gallard； Courty； Roubaud； Dehaut； and others have used the more modern uterine method with success。
A dog…breeder； by syringing the uterus of a bitch； has succeeded in impregnating her。 Those who are desirous of full information on this subject； as regards the modus operandi； etc。； are referred to Girault； this author reports in full several examples。 One case was that of a woman； aged twenty…five； afflicted with blenorrhea； who； chagrined at not having issue； made repeated forcible injections of semen in water for two months； and finally succeeded in impregnating herself； and was delivered of a living child。 Another case was that of a female； aged twenty…three； who had an extra long vaginal canal； probably accounting for the absence of pregnancy。 She