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Sometimes many dwarfs were present at great and noble gatherings。 In Rome in 1566 the Cardinal Vitelli gave a sumptuous banquet at which the table…attendants were 34 dwarfs。 Peter the Great of Russia had a passion for dwarfs； and in 1710 gave a great celebration in honor of the marriage of his favorite； Valakoff； with the dwarf of the Princess Prescovie Theodorovna。 There were 72 dwarfs of both sexes present to form the bridal party。 Subsequently； on account of dangerous and difficult labor； such marriages were forbidden in Russia。
In England and in Spain the nobles had the portraits of their dwarfs painted by the celebrated artists of the day。 Velasquez has represented Don Antonio el Ingles； a dwarf of fine appearance； with a large dog； probably to bring out the dwarf's inferior height。 This artist also painted a great number of other dwarfs at the Court of Spain； and in one of his paintings he portrays the Infanta Marguerite accompanied by her male and female dwarfs。 Reproductions of these portraits have been given by Garnier。 In the pictures of Raphael； Paul Veronese； and Dominiquin； and in the 〃Triumph of Caesar〃 by Mantegna； representations of dwarfs are found； as well as in other earlier pictures representing Court events。 At the present time only Russia and Turkey seem to have popular sympathy for dwarfs； and this in a limited degree。
Intellectual Dwarfs。It must be remarked； however； that many of the dwarfs before the public have been men of extraordinary…intelligence； possibly augmented by comparison。 In a postmortem discussed at a meeting of the Natural History Society at Bonn in 1868 it was demonstrated by Schaufhausen that in a dwarf subject the brain weighed 1/19 of the body； in contradistinction to the average proportion of adults； from 1 to 30 to 1 to 44。 The subject was a dwarf of sixty…one who died in Coblentz； and was said to have grown after his thirtieth year。 His height was 2 feet 10 inches and his weight 45 pounds。 The circumference of the head was 520 mm。 and the brain weighed 1183。33 am。 and was well convoluted。 This case was one of simple arrest of development； affecting all the organs of the body； he was not virile。 He was a child of large parents； had two brothers and a sister of ordinary size and two brothers dwarfs； one 6 inches higher and the other his size。
Several personages famous in history have been dwarfs。 Attila； the historian Procopius； Gregory of Tours； Pepin le Bref； Charles III； King of Naples； and Albert the Grand were dwarfs。 About the middle of the seventeenth century the French episcopacy possessed among its members a dwarf renowned for his intelligence。 This diminutive man； called Godeau； made such a success in literature that by the grace of Richelieu he was named the Archbishop of Grasse。 He died in 1672。 The Dutch painter Doos； the English painter Gibson （who was about 3 feet in height and the father of nine infants by a wife of about the same height）； Prince Eugene； and the Spanish Admiral Gravina were dwarfs。 Fleury and Garry； the actors
Hay； a member of Parliament from Sussex in the last century； Hussein…Pasha； celebrated for his reforms under Selim III； the Danish antiquarian and voyager； Arendt； and Baron Denon were men far below the average size Varro says that there were two gentlemen of Rome who from their decorations must have belonged to an Equestrian Order； and who were but 2 Roman cubits （about 3 feet） high。 Pliny also speaks of them as preserved in their coffins。
It may be remarked that perhaps certain women are predisposed to give birth to dwarfs。 Borwilaski had a brother and a sister who were dwarfs。 In the middle of the seventeenth century a woman brought forth four dwarfs； and in the eighteenth century a dwarf named Hopkins had a sister as small as he was。 Therese Souvray； the dwarf fiancee of Bebe； had a dwarf sister 41 inches high。 Virey has examined a German dwarf of eight who was only 18 inches tall； i。e。； about the length of a newly…born infant。 The parents were of ordinary size； but had another child who was also a dwarf。
There are two species of dwarfs； the first coming into the world under normal conditions； but who in their infancy become afflicted with a sudden arrest of development provoked by some malady； the second are born very small； develop little； and are really dwarfs from their birth； as a rule they are well conformed； robust； and intelligent。 These two species can be distinguished by an important characteristic。 The rachitic dwarfs of the first class are incapable of perpetuating their species； while those of the second category have proved more than once their virility。 A certain number of dwarfs have married with women of normal height and have had several children； though this is not； it is true； an indisputable proof of their generative faculties； but we have instances in which dwarfs have married dwarfs and had a family sometimes quite numerous。 Robert Skinner （25 inches） and Judith （26 inches）； his wife； had 14 infants； well formed； robust； and of normal height。
Celebrated Dwarfs。Instances of some of the most celebrated dwarfs will be cited with a short descriptive mention of points of interest in their lives：
Vladislas Cubitas； who was King of Poland in 1305； was a dwarf； and was noted for his intelligence； courage； and as a good soldier。 Geoffrey Hudson； the most celebrated English dwarf； was born at Oakham in England in 1619。 At the age of eight； when not much over a foot high； he was presented to Henriette Marie； wife of Charles I； in a pie； he afterward became her favorite。 Until he was thirty he was said to be not more than 18 inches high； when he suddenly increased to about 45 inches。 In his youth he fought several duels； one with a turkey cock； which is celebrated in the verse of Davenant。 He became a popular and graceful courtier； and proved his bravery and allegiance to his sovereign by assuming command of a royalist company and doing good service therein。 Both in moral and physical capacities he showed his superiority。 At one time he was sent to France to secure a midwife for the Queen； who was a Frenchwoman。 He afterward challenged a gentleman by the name of Croft to fight a duel； and would accept only deadly weapons； he shot his adversary in the chest； the quarrel grew out of his resentment of ridicule of his diminutive size。 He was accused of participation in the Papist Plot and imprisoned by his political enemies in the Gate House at Westminster； where he died in 1682 at the advanced age of sixty…three。 In Scott's 〃Peveril of the Peak〃 Hudson figures prominently。 This author seemed fond of dwarfs。
About the same epoch Charles I had a page in his court named Richard Gibson； who was remarkable for his diminutive size and his ability as a miniature painter。 This little artist espoused another of his class； Anne Shepherd； a dwarf of Queen Henriette Marie； about his size （45 inches）。 Mistress Gibson bore nine children； five of whom arrived at adult age and were of ordinary proportions。 She died at the age of eighty； her husband afterward became the drawing master of Princesses Mary and Anne； daughters of James II； he died July 23； 1690； aged seventy…five years。
In 1730 there was born of poor fisher p