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obligations which； whilst they confer no benefit on the state； have an air of
inflicting various disabilities on the resident aliens。＇4＇ And I would further
relieve them from the obligation of serving as hoplites side by side with
the citizen proper； since； beside the personal risk； which is great； the
trouble of quitting trades and homesteads is no trifle。＇5＇ Incidentally the
state itself would benefit by this exemption； if the citizens were more in
the habit of campaigning with one another； rather than＇6＇ shoulder to
shoulder with Lydians； Phrygians； Syrians； and barbarians from all
quarters of the world； who form the staple of our resident alien class。
Besides the advantage ＇of so weeding the ranks＇；＇7＇ it would add a
positive lustre to our city； were it admitted that the men of Athens； her
sons； have reliance on themselves rather than on foreigners to fight her
battles。 And further； supposing we offered our resident aliens a share in
various other honourable duties； including the cavalry service；＇8＇ I shall be
surprised if we do not increase the goodwill of the aliens themselves；
whilst at the same time we add distinctly to the strength and grandeur of
our city。
＇1＇ Lit。 〃metics〃 or 〃metoecs。〃
＇2＇ ｛misthos｝； e。g。 of the assembly； the senate； and the dicasts。
＇3＇ The ｛metoikion｝。 See Plat。 〃Laws；〃 850 B； according to Isaeus； ap。
Harpocr。 s。v。； it was 12 drachmae per annum for a male and 6
drachmae for a female。
＇4＇ Or； 〃the class in question。〃 According to Schneider （who cites the
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On Revenues
｛atimetos metanastes｝ of Homer； 〃Il。〃 ix。 648）； the reference is not
to disabilities in the technical sense； but to humiliating duties； such
as the ｛skaphephoria｝ imposed on the men； or the ｛udriaphoria｝ and
｛skiadephoria｝ imposed on their wives and daughters in attendance
on the ｛kanephoroi｝ at the Panathenaic and other festival
processions。 See Arist。 〃Eccles。〃 730 foll。； Boeckh； 〃P。 E。 A。〃 IV。 x。
（Eng。 tr。 G。 Cornewall Lewis； p。 538）。
＇5＇ Or； reading ｛megas men gar o agon； mega de kai to apo ton
tekhnon kai ton oikeion apienai｝； after Zurborg （〃Xen。 de Reditibus
Libellus；〃 Berolini； MDCCCLXXVI。）； transl。 〃since it is severe
enough to enter the arena of war； but all the worse when that implies
the abandonment of your trade and your domestic concerns。〃
＇6＇ Or； 〃instead of finding themselves brigaded as nowadays with a
motley crew of Lydians；〃 etc。
＇7＇ Zurborg； after Cobet； omits the words so rendered。
＇8＇ See 〃Hipparch。〃 ix。 3； where Xenophon in almost identical words
recommends that reform。 In the next place； seeing that there are at
present numerous building sites within the city walls as yet devoid of
houses； supposing the state were to make free grants of such land＇9＇ to
foreigners for building purposes in cases where there could be no doubt as
to the respectability of the applicant； if I am not mistaken； the result of
such a measure will be that a larger number of persons； and of a better
class； will be attracted to Athens as a place of residence。
＇9＇ Or； 〃offer the fee simple of such property to。〃
Lastly； if we could bring ourselves to appoint； as a new government
office； a board of guardians of foreign residents like our Guardians of
Orphans；＇10＇ with special privileges assigned to those guardians who
should show on their books the greatest number of resident aliens such a
measure would tend to improve the goodwill of the class in question； and
in all probability all people without a city of their own would aspire to the
status of foreign residents in Athens； and so further increase the revenues
of the city。＇11＇
＇10＇ 〃The Archon was the legal protector of all orphans。 It was his
duty to appoint guardians； if none were named in the father's will。〃
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On Revenues
C。 R。 Kennedy； Note to 〃Select Speeches of Demosthenes。〃 The
orphans of those who had fallen in the war （Thuc。 ii。 46） were
specially cared for。
＇11＇ Or； 〃help to swell the state exchequer。〃
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On Revenues
III
At this point I propose to offer some remarks in proof of the attractions
and advantages of Athens as a centre of commercial enterprise。 In the first
place； it will hardly be denied that we possess the finest and safest
harbourage for shipping； where vessels of all sorts can come to moorings
and be laid up in absolute security＇1＇ as far as stress of weather is
concerned。 But further than that； in most states the trader is under the
necessity of lading his vessel with some merchandise＇2＇ or other in
exchange for his cargo； since the current coin＇3＇ has no circulation beyond
the frontier。 But at Athens he has a choice： he can either in return for his
wares export a variety of goods； such as human beings seek after； or； if he
does not desire to take goods in exchange for goods； he has simply to
export silver； and he cannot have a more excellent freight to export； since
wherever he likes to sell it he may look to realise a large percentage on his
capital。＇4＇
＇1＇ Reading ｛adeos｝ after Cobet； or if ｛edeos｝； transl。 〃in perfect
comfort。〃
＇2＇ Or； 〃of exchanging cargo for cargo to the exclusion of specie。〃
＇3＇ I。e。 of the particular locality。 See 〃The Types of Greek Coins；〃
Percy Gardner； ch。 ii。 〃International Currencies among the Greeks。〃
＇4＇ Or； 〃on the original outlay。〃
Or again； supposing prizes＇5＇ were offered to the magistrates in charge
of the market＇6＇ for equitable and speedy settlements of points in
dispute＇7＇ to enable any one so wishing to proceed on his v