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and one night； and arrive on the scene of action with such
astonishing rapidity that he was able to occupy a commanding
position on the 〃North hill〃 before the enemy had got wind of his
movements。 A crushing defeat followed for the Ch‘in forces； who
were obliged to raise the siege of O…yu in all haste and retreat
across the border。＇
5。 Maneuvering with an army is advantageous； with an
undisciplined multitude； most dangerous。
＇I adopt the reading of the T‘UNG TIEN； Cheng Yu…hsien and
the T‘U SHU； since they appear to apply the exact nuance required
in order to make sense。 The commentators using the standard text
take this line to mean that maneuvers may be profitable； or they
may be dangerous： it all depends on the ability of the general。＇
6。 If you set a fully equipped army in march in order to
snatch an advantage； the chances are that you will be too late。
On the other hand； to detach a flying column for the purpose
involves the sacrifice of its baggage and stores。
＇Some of the Chinese text is unintelligible to the Chinese
commentators； who paraphrase the sentence。 I submit my own
rendering without much enthusiasm； being convinced that there is
some deep…seated corruption in the text。 On the whole； it is
clear that Sun Tzu does not approve of a lengthy march being
undertaken without supplies。 Cf。 infra； ss。 11。＇
7。 Thus； if you order your men to roll up their buff…coats；
and make forced marches without halting day or night； covering
double the usual distance at a stretch；
＇The ordinary day's march； according to Tu Mu； was 30 LI；
but on one occasion； when pursuing Liu Pei； Ts‘ao Ts‘ao is said
to have covered the incredible distance of 300 _li_ within
twenty…four hours。＇
doing a hundred LI in order to wrest an advantage； the leaders of
all your three divisions will fall into the hands of the enemy。
8。 The stronger men will be in front； the jaded ones will
fall behind； and on this plan only one…tenth of your army will
reach its destination。
＇The moral is； as Ts‘ao Kung and others point out： Don't
march a hundred LI to gain a tactical advantage； either with or
without impedimenta。 Maneuvers of this description should be
confined to short distances。 Stonewall Jackson said： 〃The
hardships of forced marches are often more painful than the
dangers of battle。〃 He did not often call upon his troops for
extraordinary exertions。 It was only when he intended a
surprise； or when a rapid retreat was imperative； that he
sacrificed everything for speed。 ＇1＇ ＇
9。 If you march fifty LI in order to outmaneuver the enemy；
you will lose the leader of your first division； and only half
your force will reach the goal。
＇Literally； 〃the leader of the first division will be
TORN AWAY。〃＇
10。 If you march thirty LI with the same object； two…thirds
of your army will arrive。
＇In the T‘UNG TIEN is added： 〃From this we may know the
difficulty of maneuvering。〃＇
11。 We may take it then that an army without its baggage…
train is lost； without provisions it is lost； without bases of
supply it is lost。
＇I think Sun Tzu meant 〃stores accumulated in depots。〃 But
Tu Yu says 〃fodder and the like；〃 Chang Yu says 〃Goods in
general；〃 and Wang Hsi says 〃fuel； salt； foodstuffs； etc。〃＇
12。 We cannot enter into alliances until we are acquainted
with the designs of our neighbors。
13。 We are not fit to lead an army on the march unless we
are familiar with the face of the countryits mountains and
forests； its pitfalls and precipices； its marshes and swamps。
14。 We shall be unable to turn natural advantage to account
unless we make use of local guides。
＇ss。 12…14 are repeated in chap。 XI。 ss。 52。＇
15。 In war； practice dissimulation； and you will succeed。
＇In the tactics of Turenne； deception of the enemy；
especially as to the numerical strength of his troops； took a
very prominent position。 ＇2＇ ＇
16。 Whether to concentrate or to divide your troops； must
be decided by circumstances。
17。 Let your rapidity be that of the wind；
＇The simile is doubly appropriate； because the wind is not
only swift but； as Mei Yao…ch‘en points out； 〃invisible and
leaves no tracks。〃＇
your compactness that of the forest。
＇Meng Shih comes nearer to the mark in his note： 〃When
slowly marching； order and ranks must be preserved〃so as to
guard against surprise attacks。 But natural forest do not grow
in rows； whereas they do generally possess the quality of density
or compactness。＇
18。 In raiding and plundering be like fire；
＇Cf。 SHIH CHING； IV。 3。 iv。 6： 〃Fierce as a blazing fire
which no man can check。〃＇
is immovability like a mountain。
＇That is； when holding a position from which the enemy is
trying to dislodge you； or perhaps； as Tu Yu says； when he is
trying to entice you into a trap。＇
19。 Let your plans be dark and impenetrable as night； and
when you move； fall like a thunderbolt。
＇Tu Yu quotes a saying of T‘ai Kung which has passed into a
proverb： 〃You cannot shut your ears to the thunder or your eyes
to the lightingso rapid are they。〃 Likewise； an attack should
be made so quickly that it cannot be parried。＇
20。 When you plunder a countryside； let the spoil be
divided amongst your men；
＇Sun Tzu wishes to lessen the abuses of indiscriminate
plundering by insisting that all booty shall be thrown into a
common stock； which may afterwards be fairly divided amongst
all。＇
when you capture new territory； cut it up into allotments for the
benefit of the soldiery。
＇Ch‘en Hao says 〃quarter your soldiers on the land； and let
them sow and plant it。〃 It is by acting on this principle； and
harvesting the lands they invaded； that the Chinese have
succeeded in carrying out some of their most memorable and
triumphant expeditions； such as that of Pan Ch‘ao who penetrated
to the Caspian； and in more recent years； those of Fu…k‘ang…an
and Tso Tsung…t‘ang。＇
21。 Ponder and deliberate before you make a move。
＇Chang Yu quotes Wei Liao Tzu as saying that we must not
break camp until we have gained the resisting power of the enemy
and the cleverness of the opposing general。 Cf。 the 〃seven
comparisons〃 in I。 ss。 13。＇
22。 He will conquer who has learnt the artifice of
deviation。
＇See supra； SS。 3； 4。＇
Such is the art of maneuvering。
＇With these words； the chapter would naturally come to an
end。 But there now follows a long appendix in the shape of an
extract from an earlier book on War； now lost； but apparently
extant at the time when Sun Tzu wrote。 The style of this
fragment