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新东方白易礼语法笔记-第29章

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涫俏示洌跃淠┯梦屎拧hat/which代替的是原句中的宾语,原句变成了从句,它们仍然作从句的宾语。关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省略,因此上句又可变成“have you found the book you were looking for yesterday?”。
  请同学们照上面的例子,把下面变定语从句的步骤说出来(括号里的可以省略):
  ( 1 )  〃The dog belongs to the Browns。 It ate my fish yesterday。〃
  ……The dog which/that ate my fish yesterday belongs to the Browns。
  (2)  〃The lady has gone to the police station。 Her car has been stolen。〃
  ……The lady whose car has been stolen has gone to the police station。
  (3)  〃I' ve seen the film。 His girl friend played the leading role In it。''
  ……I' ve seen the film {which / that) his girl friend played the leading role in
  ……I’ve seen the film in which his girl friend played the leading role。
  ……His girl friend played the leading role in the film {which/that) I’ve seen。
  关系副词与此同理。只是关系副词代替的是原句中的状语。在被代替之前,这个状语中一定要含有一个与另一句相同的成分。
  例如:This is the house甲I was barn and brought up in the house。在这两个句子中,in the house是句子里的地点状语,定语从句修饰的就是the house。把后面这一句变成定语从句。在将要被变成定语从句的句子中,in the house是地点状语,所以用where来代替它。然后再把where放到本句的最前面,其它的词和语序来代替它。然后再把where放到本句的最前面,其它的词和语序一律不变。这时,就成了〃where}was barn and brought up〃。再把这个定语从句整个放在被修饰的词后面,就成了〃This is the house where I was barn and brought up。”,定语从句就完成了,主句是陈述句,所以句末用句号。Where代替的是原句中的状语,原句变成了从句,它就作从句的状语。
  (4) The hotel is an artistic building。 We' 11 stay in it。
  ……The hotel where we' 11 stay is an artistic building。
  ……The hotel (which/that) we' 11 stay in is an artistic building。
  ……The hotel in which we' 11 stay is an artistic building。
  (5) Perhaps they' ve heard of the place。 We went there for our holidays last time。
  ……Perhaps they' re heard of the place where we went for our holidays last time。
  定语从句
  请读者照上面的例子,把下面变定语从句的步骤说出来(括号里的可以省略):
  (6)They’re redecorating the room。 A conference will be held in the room。
  →They’re redecorating the room where a conference will be held。
  →They’re redecorating the room (which /that) a conference will be held in。
  →They’re redecorating the room in which a conference will be held。
  那么,“介词+关系代词”是怎么回事呢?原来上面这个例句,还有一种做法:This is the house。 I was born and brought up in the house。在这两个句子中,the house是相同的,定语从句修饰的就是the house 。把后面这一句变成定语从句。在将要被变成定语从句的句子中,the house表示物而且是介词in的宾语,所以用关系代词which或that来代替。然后把which或that放到本句的最前面,其它的词和语序一律不变。这时,后面这一句就成了 “which/that I was born and brought up in”。再把这个定语从句整个放在被修饰的词后面,就成了“This is the house which/that I was born and brought up in”。定语从句就完成了,主句是陈述句,所以句末用句号。
  which/that代替的是原句中的宾语,原句变成了从句,它们就作从句的宾语。关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省略,因此上句又可变成“This is the house I was born and brought up in。”
  但是,in可以提到关系代词的前面,不过这时不能用that,而且不能省略。所以上句又可变为“This is the house in which I was born and brought up。”这就是“介词+关系代词”的来历。
  定语从句又分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。限定性定语从句把它的先行词限定在特定的意义之内,对先行词起限定的作用、是先行词必不可少的修饰语,没有它,整个句子的意思就会受到影响、就不完整。非限定性定语从句不对先行词起限定的作用,不是先行词必不可少的修饰语,只对先行词起补充说明的作用,没有它,整个句子的意思不会受到影响、仍然完整。非限定性定语从句相当于一个分句,翻译时也是把它当作分句处理的。非限定性定语从句和它的先行词之间要用逗号隔开;而限定性定语从句和它的先行词之间不能用逗号隔开。非限定性定语从句中除了不用that以外,其它关系词都可使用,使用方法与限定性定语从句一样。
  例如:The supermarket which was opened two months ago is now closed down。
  两个月前开的那家超市现在已经倒闭了。(限定)
  The supermarket; which was opened two months ago; is now closed down。
  那家超市现在已经倒闭了,那家超市两个月前开的。(非限定)
  The book(which) you’re reading is mine 。
  你正在读的那本书是我的。(限定)
  The book; which you’re reading; is mine。
  那本书是我的,你正在读那本书。(非限定)
  如果以上例子的差别不十分明显,再看下面的例句:
  I’ve been to London ; which is a beautiful city。
  我去过伦敦,那是个美丽的城市。
  Your father; whom I respect very much; is a kind old man。
  你父亲是个很和善的老头,我很尊重他。
  Nanjing; where I lived for five years; is very hot in summer。
  南京夏天非常热,我在那里生活过五年。
  在以上三例当中,定语从句不就能是限定性的。若变成限定性定语从句,其意就成了“我去过那个是座美丽的城市的伦敦。你那个我很尊重的父亲是个很和善的老头。我在那里生活过五年的南京夏天非常热。”言外之意是还有别的伦敦、父亲和南京。
  通过这几个例子我们可以看出,专用名词以及世界上独一无二的东西都不能有限定性定语从句。因为它们的意义本身已经非常清楚,不需要对其进行限定。另外,非限定性定语从句的先行词还可以是整个主句所表达的意义。如:He did well in the physics exam; which surprised me。
  他物理考得很好,这使我很吃惊。(学地道的英语有两个重要的练习方法:parallel writing; and reverse translation,即平行写作和逆翻译。所谓平行写作,就是模仿英语的句子写类似的句子。而逆翻译就是先把英语译成汉语,或根据汉语的译文,再把汉语翻译成英语,再把英语译文同原文比较,分析差异。这两种方法能避免汉语式英语。)
  He did well in the physics exam; which surprised me。
  他物理考得很好,这使我很吃惊。
  请把这句话逆翻译。有的同学会翻译为:He did well in the physics exam; this surprised me。 这句话错在什么地方呢?错在句法。这句话有两个主谓结构,是两个并列的分句,但没有连词(this 是代词),这就成了串句。再如:He’s very particular about wording; which I am not。
  他很咬文嚼字,而我不。
  I said nothing; which made her angry。
  我什么也没说,这使她很生气。
  Tom didn’t go to the show; which was a pity。
  没去看演出,这很遗憾。
  下面看看各个关系词的用法:1.指人的关系代词:who; whom; whose; that 的用法:(1)作主语(who; that )Those who are going to play in the match are to meet at the gate at 1:30 after lunch。那些参加比赛的人午饭后1:30在大门口集合。
  在本句中,先行词是those;关系代词who引导定语从句,同时代替先行词在从句中担任动词are going to play 的主语。The man who/that is talking with Mr。 Wang is a famous doctor。正在和王先生说话的那个人是一个有名的医生。
  在本句中,先行词是the man;关系代词who/that引导定语从句,同时代替先行词在从句中担任动词is talking的主语。这个复合句可以还原成两个句子:The man is a famous doctor。 He is talking with Mr。 Wang。(2)作宾语包括作介词宾语(whom; that )。此种情况下的关系代词可以省略;This is just the man(whom/that) I want for the job。这正是我要的做这份工作的人。
  在本句中,先行词是the man;关系代词whom/that 引导定语从句,同时代替先行词在从句中担任动词want 的宾语。Is he the manager (whom/that) you are looking for?他是你在找的那位经理吗?(3)当关系代词紧跟介词作介词宾语时,不能用that,也不能省略,如:The book from which I got a lot of useful information was written by a f
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