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黄万里文集-第20章

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2
? v  ?



4
? v ? ?
du ?
y ? ? v  ? v
? ?     ?
y 2l
?     ? ?
2
u 4
1 2l
*
?     = u 2 ?1 ?    ? + ?     ?
?     ? u*
1 ?    ?1 +   ?    ?     ?   ?    ?  + ? ? ?
dy ?
h ? ? 2l ? 2l
h ? ? y ?
2 ?
*
u
? * ?1 ?
? y ? ?
?1 ? ? ?
?? ? h ?
? h ? ??

(5)

after  expansion  into  series;  which  is  convergent。  It  can  be  shown  through  numerical
examples;   that   even   at   the   conjunction   of   the   two   flow   regimes;   v /2l   is   not

significant when pared with u* ; so that we may write

l
du
  = u*
dy


  
1 ?  y
h

(6)
Let
? = ?(y )
be   an   unknown   function   of   y   to   replace   k   as   a   constant   in
Karman’s hypothesis; such that

l = ?y


  
1 ?  y
h


(7)
bining (6) with (7); we have in turbulent core
du u
    =     *  



(8)
dy ?y

On  the  other  hand;  the  velocity  profile  in  the  viscous  film  is  a  straight  line  with

a gradient
du ? u 2
    =     o    =     *  

(9)
dy ? v

Naturally;  the  curve  must  tangent  to  the  straight  line  with  a  mon  gradient  in

order to be continuous。 Thus;


86



   
?y =  v
u*
At the depth y0 = v / u* ;? = 1;

(10)

o o *
u   / y   = u 2  / v;
uo   = u*
(11)


This  point  of  conjuction  of  the  two  flow  regimes  may  be  taken  as  the  initial  of

the  velocity  profile  at  the  bed。  It  should  be  at  a  distance
yo   = v / u*

above  the  sand
bed; or approximately at the top of sand bed; since yo  is too small to be measurable。


Derivation of the Formula of Velocity Profile
The  velocity  u  at  a  level  y  from  the  sand  bed  along  a  vertical  may  be  integrated

from Eq。 (8):
y dy
u = u* ?y  ?0    + u*
(12)
o ?y
in which  η is an unknown function of y to be found。

The problem confronting us is that besides all physical and boundary conditions;

the  constant  discharge  Q  and  the  surface  curve  including  total  depth  of  flow  h  and

slope  J  at  the  given  section  of  flow  are  all  given;  it  is  required  to  find  the  velocity

profile  u~y  along  the  vertical  of  the  section。  Since
u*  =
ghJ
and
um   = Q / Bh


are  known;  from
um   = u*C /
g ;  the  Chezy  constant  reflecting  roughness  of  the

boundary of flow is also given。

Evidently;  the  u~y  relation  must  satisfy  the  requirement  of  total  discharge  Q

after integration; i。e。;

h
? udy = um h = Q / B
(13)
o

Among  an  infinite  number  of  such  u~y  relations;  there  exists  only  one  relation  true
&
that  obeys  the  law  of  minimum  rate  of  energy  reserved
Er     in  the  section;  which  is
equivalent to the law of maximum rate of energy dissipation:

E
r
h
& = ?
? u 2
( )
?Budy ?
p ?
+ + y ?

o ? 2 g ?
87


=
?B   h
     ?

u 3 dy ? ?hQ = min 。

(14)


since
2 g

p
    + y = h ; and

o

h
?o  Budy = Q 。

Thus the problem reduces to one of finding the function of velocity distribution

along the vertical such that

h
? u 3 dy = min 。
(15)

whith
o
u = u( y ) = u(y;? ) ; where
? = ?(y ) 。
Substituting Eq。 (12) into (15); we have

u 3
h h ?
3
y  dy ?
? u 3 dy = ?
*  ??
    + 1?
dy = min 。
(16)
o o ? o  ?y ?



The   equation   shows   that   the   required   condition   of   minimum   holds   for   any

multiple of u; i。e。; u=kua ; as
u*   =
ghJ
is given; This offers a method to determine

the  absolute  values  of  u  so  as  satisfy  Eq。  (13)。  Let  us  change  u  to  ua  in  Eq。  (12)  and

(16) for the time being:

h h
? u 3 dy = k ?
u 3 dy = min 。
(17)
o o a

According   to   the   variational   principle;   the   Euler ’s   Formula   provides;   the

extremum occurs at
u 2   ?ua    = 0
a    ??

since
ua   ? 0 ; the minimum condition is
? y  dy
   ?    = 0



(18)
??  o  ?y

The integral equation is solved through the following processes:
y  d ln y 1   dy
?   +   = 0
?o ? 2
?y d?



88


d ln y
d (d ln y ) d ln y
d (d? 2  / 2)
( ) ( ) 
  =   ?   ?
? 2 d ? 2  / 2 d ? 2  / 2
d (? 2  / 2)
1 d (? 2  / 2)
d (d ln y )
d (d? 2  / 2)
  =   ?
2   ? 2  / 2 d ln y
d (? 2  / 2)

?   ? 2  ?
1
1
   ln? 2  / 2 = ln(d ln y ) ? ln? d   ? + ln C
2 ? 2  ?


1
? ? 2  ? 2
?     ?
?  2  ?

? ? 2  ?
1
d ?     ? = C d ln y
?  2  ?

3
2 ? ? ? 2
  ?    ?
3 ? 2 ?

2
= ln y C1    + C

? 3
2
  = ln y C1    + C

(20)

The
3
? ~  y
2
curve  is  fixed  at  the  two  ends  by  the  following  relations:  At  the

water surface;



y = h;



? = 0;



u = umax



(21)

1 y
This  is  seen  from  the  Nikuratze  experiments  of        ~     
ro ro
curves;  although   ?   is  a
little over zero when the Reynold’s number is high。 M。S。Yalin (page 31; (2)) explains

that  when  approaching  the  free  surface;  the  turbulent  fluctuations  will  be  dampened
du
so that 1 tends to zero while    
dy
is not necessary to be zero。

At the top of sand bed; we already have

y = y0   = v / u*   ? 0;
? = 1;
u = u*
(11)

Thus; by substituting Eq。 (21) into (20;
C1
ln h
? C2   = 0
(22)
Also Eq。 (11) into (22);



89


1 1
y ? ?
? = ? ln
? ln  1  ? 3

 
? ?
? h ?

u h
? ?
R
? *  ?
(23)
where
R*


 ua  
=     *    
v


y  dy



1
? 1  ? 3


d ln y
y   h  
(24)
*
u   = ?o  ?y
+ 1 = ? ln

?  ?
o
R*  ? ?

1
1
y ? 3
? ln     ?
? h ?

2
3
1 ? y ?
*
= (1 + 1。5 ln R
) ? 1。5(ln R
) ? ln     ? 3
(25)
*
? h ?

To find the mean of ua ;

d
? y ?
?    ?
 uam    = 1 ?h  ua   1 ? y    ? h ?
u
   dy = (1 + 1。5 ln R  ) ? 1。5(ln R  )3
u* h  o *
* * o
2
? ln y ? 3
? ?
*
1
? h ?


*
= (1 + 1。5 ln R
) ? 1。5(ln R
)3 ?(5 3)

(26)

To transform ua  back to u in order to satisfy Eq。 (13); we can let
m
*
 ua    ? 1
u ? u
= (u
? u  )  u ? u*     =   u*  (u
? u  )
(27)
* m *
um  ? u*
 uam    ? 1
u*


ln R


? (ln R

2
)1 ? ln y ? 3
?  Q ? *
*   3 ? ?
? h ?

 
? u = ?      ? u* ? 1 + u*
Bh
(28)
*
? ?  ln R*
? (ln R
)3 ?(5 3)

u* h

h 3 2 gJ

? 5 ?
in which
u*  =
ghJ  ;
R*   =   =   ;
??   ? = 0。9028
v v ? 3 ?



90


2
?  Q ? (ln R
)=3 (ln y
h)3
u = u*
+ ?      ? u*
  * 
2
2
(29)

? Bh
? (ln R

*
C
)=3   ? ?(5 3)

hJ



  ?   (30)
ghJ
When y=h;
u = umax   = 2 2
1 ? ?(5 3)  (ln
ghJ )=3 (ln
ghJ )3
?(5 3) ? 1



When y=ym;

u = um ; (ln y

2
h)3
±1
= ?(5 3) = 0。9028; ln   y
? ?
?    ?
? h ?

= 0。8578 ;

ym  / h = 0。424
(31)
which  is  the  exact  location  of  the  mean  velocity  um   along  the  vertical  of  profile;
while   the   conventional   stipulation   of   measuring   um     is

downward from the water surface。
1 ? ym  / h = 0。6 ? 0。576

It  is  seen  that  Formulae  (23)  and  (29)  without  any  empirical  coefficient  are

derived from purely theoretical analys


Example
Data from “Summary of Alluvial Channel Data From Flume Experiments”; 1956…61。

U。S。Geological Survey Professional Paper 462…1; 1966。 By H。P。Guy; D。B。Simmons; and E。V。Richardson。
Run 1。 P。 162; 163。

Slope J=0。0
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