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?
2
? v ?
4
? v ? ?
du ?
y ? ? v ? v
? ? ?
y 2l
? ? ?
2
u 4
1 2l
*
? = u 2 ?1 ? ? + ? ?
? ? u*
1 ? ?1 + ? ? ? ? ? + ? ? ?
dy ?
h ? ? 2l ? 2l
h ? ? y ?
2 ?
*
u
? * ?1 ?
? y ? ?
?1 ? ? ?
?? ? h ?
? h ? ??
(5)
after expansion into series; which is convergent。 It can be shown through numerical
examples; that even at the conjunction of the two flow regimes; v /2l is not
significant when pared with u* ; so that we may write
l
du
= u*
dy
1 ? y
h
(6)
Let
? = ?(y )
be an unknown function of y to replace k as a constant in
Karman’s hypothesis; such that
l = ?y
1 ? y
h
(7)
bining (6) with (7); we have in turbulent core
du u
= *
(8)
dy ?y
On the other hand; the velocity profile in the viscous film is a straight line with
a gradient
du ? u 2
= o = *
(9)
dy ? v
Naturally; the curve must tangent to the straight line with a mon gradient in
order to be continuous。 Thus;
86
?y = v
u*
At the depth y0 = v / u* ;? = 1;
(10)
o o *
u / y = u 2 / v;
uo = u*
(11)
This point of conjuction of the two flow regimes may be taken as the initial of
the velocity profile at the bed。 It should be at a distance
yo = v / u*
above the sand
bed; or approximately at the top of sand bed; since yo is too small to be measurable。
Derivation of the Formula of Velocity Profile
The velocity u at a level y from the sand bed along a vertical may be integrated
from Eq。 (8):
y dy
u = u* ?y ?0 + u*
(12)
o ?y
in which η is an unknown function of y to be found。
The problem confronting us is that besides all physical and boundary conditions;
the constant discharge Q and the surface curve including total depth of flow h and
slope J at the given section of flow are all given; it is required to find the velocity
profile u~y along the vertical of the section。 Since
u* =
ghJ
and
um = Q / Bh
are known; from
um = u*C /
g ; the Chezy constant reflecting roughness of the
boundary of flow is also given。
Evidently; the u~y relation must satisfy the requirement of total discharge Q
after integration; i。e。;
h
? udy = um h = Q / B
(13)
o
Among an infinite number of such u~y relations; there exists only one relation true
&
that obeys the law of minimum rate of energy reserved
Er in the section; which is
equivalent to the law of maximum rate of energy dissipation:
E
r
h
& = ?
? u 2
( )
?Budy ?
p ?
+ + y ?
?
o ? 2 g ?
87
=
?B h
?
u 3 dy ? ?hQ = min 。
(14)
since
2 g
p
+ y = h ; and
?
o
h
?o Budy = Q 。
Thus the problem reduces to one of finding the function of velocity distribution
along the vertical such that
h
? u 3 dy = min 。
(15)
whith
o
u = u( y ) = u(y;? ) ; where
? = ?(y ) 。
Substituting Eq。 (12) into (15); we have
u 3
h h ?
3
y dy ?
? u 3 dy = ?
* ??
+ 1?
dy = min 。
(16)
o o ? o ?y ?
The equation shows that the required condition of minimum holds for any
multiple of u; i。e。; u=kua ; as
u* =
ghJ
is given; This offers a method to determine
the absolute values of u so as satisfy Eq。 (13)。 Let us change u to ua in Eq。 (12) and
(16) for the time being:
h h
? u 3 dy = k ?
u 3 dy = min 。
(17)
o o a
According to the variational principle; the Euler ’s Formula provides; the
extremum occurs at
u 2 ?ua = 0
a ??
since
ua ? 0 ; the minimum condition is
? y dy
? = 0
(18)
?? o ?y
The integral equation is solved through the following processes:
y d ln y 1 dy
? + = 0
?o ? 2
?y d?
88
d ln y
d (d ln y ) d ln y
d (d? 2 / 2)
( ) ( )
= ? ?
? 2 d ? 2 / 2 d ? 2 / 2
d (? 2 / 2)
1 d (? 2 / 2)
d (d ln y )
d (d? 2 / 2)
= ?
2 ? 2 / 2 d ln y
d (? 2 / 2)
? ? 2 ?
1
1
ln? 2 / 2 = ln(d ln y ) ? ln? d ? + ln C
2 ? 2 ?
1
? ? 2 ? 2
? ?
? 2 ?
? ? 2 ?
1
d ? ? = C d ln y
? 2 ?
3
2 ? ? ? 2
? ?
3 ? 2 ?
2
= ln y C1 + C
? 3
2
= ln y C1 + C
(20)
The
3
? ~ y
2
curve is fixed at the two ends by the following relations: At the
water surface;
y = h;
? = 0;
u = umax
(21)
1 y
This is seen from the Nikuratze experiments of ~
ro ro
curves; although ? is a
little over zero when the Reynold’s number is high。 M。S。Yalin (page 31; (2)) explains
that when approaching the free surface; the turbulent fluctuations will be dampened
du
so that 1 tends to zero while
dy
is not necessary to be zero。
At the top of sand bed; we already have
y = y0 = v / u* ? 0;
? = 1;
u = u*
(11)
Thus; by substituting Eq。 (21) into (20;
C1
ln h
? C2 = 0
(22)
Also Eq。 (11) into (22);
89
1 1
y ? ?
? = ? ln
? ln 1 ? 3
? ?
? h ?
u h
? ?
R
? * ?
(23)
where
R*
ua
= *
v
y dy
1
? 1 ? 3
d ln y
y h
(24)
*
u = ?o ?y
+ 1 = ? ln
?
? ?
o
R* ? ?
+
1
1
y ? 3
? ln ?
? h ?
2
3
1 ? y ?
*
= (1 + 1。5 ln R
) ? 1。5(ln R
) ? ln ? 3
(25)
*
? h ?
To find the mean of ua ;
d
? y ?
? ?
uam = 1 ?h ua 1 ? y ? h ?
u
dy = (1 + 1。5 ln R ) ? 1。5(ln R )3
u* h o *
* * o
2
? ln y ? 3
? ?
*
1
? h ?
*
= (1 + 1。5 ln R
) ? 1。5(ln R
)3 ?(5 3)
(26)
To transform ua back to u in order to satisfy Eq。 (13); we can let
m
*
ua ? 1
u ? u
= (u
? u ) u ? u* = u* (u
? u )
(27)
* m *
um ? u*
uam ? 1
u*
ln R
? (ln R
2
)1 ? ln y ? 3
? Q ? *
* 3 ? ?
? h ?
? u = ? ? u* ? 1 + u*
Bh
(28)
*
? ? ln R*
? (ln R
)3 ?(5 3)
u* h
h 3 2 gJ
? 5 ?
in which
u* =
ghJ ;
R* = = ;
?? ? = 0。9028
v v ? 3 ?
90
2
? Q ? (ln R
)=3 (ln y
h)3
u = u*
+ ? ? u*
*
2
2
(29)
?
? Bh
? (ln R
*
C
)=3 ? ?(5 3)
hJ
? (30)
ghJ
When y=h;
u = umax = 2 2
1 ? ?(5 3) (ln
ghJ )=3 (ln
ghJ )3
?(5 3) ? 1
When y=ym;
u = um ; (ln y
2
h)3
±1
= ?(5 3) = 0。9028; ln y
? ?
? ?
? h ?
= 0。8578 ;
ym / h = 0。424
(31)
which is the exact location of the mean velocity um along the vertical of profile;
while the conventional stipulation of measuring um is
downward from the water surface。
1 ? ym / h = 0。6 ? 0。576
It is seen that Formulae (23) and (29) without any empirical coefficient are
derived from purely theoretical analys
Example
Data from “Summary of Alluvial Channel Data From Flume Experiments”; 1956…61。
U。S。Geological Survey Professional Paper 462…1; 1966。 By H。P。Guy; D。B。Simmons; and E。V。Richardson。
Run 1。 P。 162; 163。
Slope J=0。0