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Sciences； 28（7）； 902–921。 Series of studies shows that both biological drives and emotional
behavior are controlled by cognitive； psychological； and social variables。 These data accord with
predictions from cognitive dissonance theory。 The experiments involve both behavioral and
physiological responses to shock； cognitive control of conditioned eye blink； hypnosis； and
thirst。
DISCOVERING PSYCHOLOGY
PROGRAM 12： MOTIVATION AND EMOTION
Overview
A review of what researchers are discovering about why we act and feel as we do； from the
exhilaration of love to the agony of failure。
Key Issues
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs； biological motivation for sexual behavior； reproductive behavior
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PSYCHOLOGY AND LIFE
of rats and the physiological effects； physiological and psychological motivation for romantic
love； the universality of emotions； and the effects of optimism and pessimism on physiology。
Demonstrations
Rat sexual behavior。
Interviews
Psychologist Norman Adler studies reproductive behavior and its physiological consequence
in rats。
Martin Seligman studies the effects of optimism and pessimism on physiology and behavior。
Abraham Maslow examines the effects of the interplay between human nature and society on
motivation。
FILMS AND VIDEOS
Fear of Fat （1987）。 CHUH； 26 minutes
Five young women describe their eating disorders and how they overcame them。 For centuries；
plumpness was considered pretty； but in recent years society has focused on being thin。 So much so
that for some a simple diet may develop into an erratic； life…threatening pattern of behavior。 An
excellent； timely film； it acplishes four goals：
1。 Explains how societal pressures encourage eating disorders
2。 Explains three eating disorders
3。 Lists behaviors that aid in overing eating disorders
4。 Explains the different body types。
Motivation （1990）。 Insight Media； 30 minutes
Provides examples of motivation； explaining thoughts； actions； and choices。 Explores factors that
influence motivation and demonstrates some behavioral extremes such as thrill seeking。 Also
includes Maslow’s hierarchy of needs。
CASE STUDY LECTURE LAUNCHER
“Mike； Let’s Do El Capitan！”
Many climbers dream of scaling the majestic domed cliff that rises 3200 feet from California’s
Yosemite Valley； but few succeed。 Mark Wellman had more than the normal number of obstacles to
overe and number of reasons for not trying。 In 1982； a fall from another Yosemite peak had
paralyzed both his legs。 However； seven years later； Mark announced that he would climb El
Capitan。
For six months； 29…year old Mark strengthened the muscles of his upper body with daily weight
training and many practice climbs； climbing only with his arms。 Finally； he was ready to do what
most others thought impossible。 In July 1989； Mark looked up the sheer rock face at its handholds
on the arduous ascent。 Mark grabbed the first rope and pulled himself up； six inches at a time。 He
grasped the next rope； another six inches closer to his goal。 For a week； Mike placed ropes and
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CHAPTER 12： MOTIVATION
Mark did pull…ups； hundreds a day； six inches at a time。
On some afternoons； the temperature topped 100°F。 The heat； however； was never as bad as the
wind； which gusted fiercely between 11 A。M。 and 8 P。M。 everyday。 At times； the wind pushed them
out from the cliff face； but they persevered。 On the eighth night of their adventure； Mark and Mike
tied themselves into their sleeping bags and bivouacked on a narrow ledge。 The next morning they
would begin their final ascent： 300 feet for Mike； 600 pull…ups for Mark。 After a total of more then
7；000 pull…ups； Mark’s body ached。 Nevertheless； the next day pain gave way to euphoria as Mark
pulled himself up the last six inches to the top of El Capitan。 He had achieved what some thought
impossible。
What motivates someone to try what others deem impossible？ Having already bee paralyzed
from one fall； why did he choose to risk another？ What distinguishes him from those of us who；
with all limbs functioning； can barely roll out of bed in the morning to hit the snooze button on the
alarm clock？ What about Mark’s friend； Mike？ What made him take on the major responsibility of
helping Mark？ Centuries ago； the gallant Sir Walter Raleigh； in the pany of Queen Elizabeth；
wrote on a fogged windowpane； “Fain would I climb； yet fear I to fall。” The Queen responded； “If
thy heart fails thee； climb not at all。”
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CHAPTER 13
Emotion； Stress； and Health
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
On pletion of this chapter； students should be able to：
1。 Define emotion in term of its psychological； physiological； and cultural constraints
2。 Explain Darwin’s perspective of the adaptive function of emotional response
3。 Discuss the universality of emotional response relative to cultural constraints
4。 Discuss the physiological aspects of emotion
5。 Explain the impact of emotion on cognitive functioning
6。 Describe the physiological responses to both acute and chronic stress
7。 Define and describe the field of psychoneuroimmunology
8。 Describe the biopsychosocial model of health and the field of health psychology
9。 Identify relationships between personality type and health
CHAPTER OUTLINE
I。 Emotions
A。 Basic Emotions and Culture
1。 Are Some Emotional Responses Innate？
a） Tompkins observed that infants respond with immediate； unlearned
affective reactions to certain stimuli； such as loud sounds
b） Research confirms that some emotional responses are universal
c） Emotional responses are less well differentiated in infants than in
older individuals
2。 Are Emotional Expressions Universal？
a） Ekman posits that all people share an overlap in facial language
b） Seven facial expressions are recognized and produced cross…culturally
in response to the emotions of happiness； surprise； anger； disgust； fear；
sadness； and contempt
c） Ekman used a neuro…cultural position to reflect the joint contributions
of the brain and culture in emotional expression
3。 How does Culture Constrain Emotional Expression？
a） Different cultures have varying standards for management of emotion
b） Cultures establish social rules or norms regarding when and where
certain emotions should be displayed
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CHAPTER 13： EMOTION； STRESS； AND HEALTH
B。 Theories of Emotion
1。 Theories of emotion attempt to explain the relationship between physiological
and psychological aspects of the experience of emotion
2。 The physiology of emotion refers to those responses that are designed to
mobilize the body for action to deal with the source of the emotion
a） The autonomic nervous system （ANS） prepares the body for emotional
responses through action of the sympathetic and parasympathetic
nervous systems
（i） The sympathetic nervous system is more active when stimuli
are mild and unpleasant
（ii） The parasympathetic nervous system is more active when
stimuli are mild and pleasant
b） Strong emotions such as fear or anger activate the body’s emergency
reactio