君主论-the prince(英文版)-第8章

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ot　be　attributed　either　to　fortune　or　togenius。In　our　times；　during　the　rule　of　Alexander　VI；　Oliverotto　da　Fermo；having　been　left　an　orphan　many　years　before；　was　brought　up　by　hismaternal　uncle；　Giovanni　Fogliani；　and　in　the　early　days　of　his　youthsent　to　fight　under　Paolo　Vitelli；　that；　being　trained　under　hisdiscipline；　he　might　attain　some　high　position　in　the　militaryprofession。　After　Paolo　died；　he　fought　under　his　brother　Vitellozzo；and　in　a　very　short　time；　being　endowed　with　wit　and　a　vigorous　body　andmind；　he　became　the　first　man　in　his　profession。　But　it　appearing　to　hima　paltry　thing　to　serve　under　others；　he　resolved；　with　the　aid　of　somecitizens　of　Fermo；　to　whom　the　slavery　of　their　country　was　dearer　thanits　liberty；　and　with　the　help　of　the　Vitelli；　to　seize　Fermo。　So　hewrote　to　Giovanni　Fogliani　that；　having　been　away　from　home　for　manyyears；　he　wished　to　visit　him　and　his　city；　and　in　some　measure　to　lookinto　his　patrimony；　and　although　he　had　not　laboured　to　acquire　anythingexcept　honour；　yet；　in　order　that　the　citizens　should　see　he　had　notspent　his　time　in　vain；　he　desired　to　e　honourably；　so　would　beacpanied　by　one　hundred　horsemen；　his　friends　and　retainers；　and　heentreated　Giovanni　to　arrange　that　he　should　be　received　honourably　bythe　citizens　of　Fermo；　all　of　which　would　be　not　only　to　his　honour；　butalso　to　that　of　Giovanni　himself；　who　had　brought　him　up。Giovanni；　therefore；　did　not　fail　in　any　attentions　due　to　his　nephew；and　he　caused　him　to　be　honourably　received　by　the　Fermans；　and　helodged　him　in　his　own　house；　where；　having　passed　some　days；　and　havingarranged　what　was　necessary　for　his　wicked　designs；　Oliverotto　gave　asolemn　banquet　to　which　he　invited　Giovanni　Fogliani　and　the　chiefs　ofFermo。　When　the　viands　and　all　the　other　entertainments　that　are　usualin　such　banquets　were　finished；　Oliverotto　artfully　began　certain　gravediscourses；　speaking　of　the　greatness　of　Pope　Alexander　and　his　sonCesare；　and　of　their　enterprises；　to　which　discourse　Giovanni　and　othersanswered；　but　he　rose　at　once；　saying　that　such　matters　ought　to　bediscussed　in　a　more　private　place；　and　he　betook　himself　to　a　chamber；whither　Giovanni　and　the　rest　of　the　citizens　went　in　after　him。　Nosooner　were　they　seated　than　soldiers　issued　from　secret　places　andslaughtered　Giovanni　and　the　rest。　After　these　murders　Oliverotto；mounted　on　horseback；　rode　up　and　down　the　town　and　besieged　the　chiefmagistrate　in　the　palace；　so　that　in　fear　the　people　were　forced　to　obeyhim；　and　to　form　a　government；　of　which　he　made　himself　the　prince。　Hekilled　all　the　malcontents　who　were　able　to　injure　him；　and　strengthenedhimself　with　new　civil　and　military　ordinances；　in　such　a　way　that；　inthe　year　during　which　he　held　the　principality；　not　only　was　he　securein　the　city　of　Fermo；　but　he　had　bee　formidable　to　all　hisneighbours。　And　his　destruction　would　have　been　as　difficult　as　that　ofAgathocles　if　he　had　not　allowed　himself　to　be　overreached　by　CesareBorgia；　who　took　him　with　the　Orsini　and　Vitelli　at　Sinigaglia；　as　wasstated　above。　Thus　one　year　after　he　had　mitted　this　parricide；　hewas　strangled；　together　with　Vitellozzo；　whom　he　had　made　his　leader　invalour　and　wickedness。Some　may　wonder　how　it　can　happen　that　Agathocles；　and　his　like；　afterinfinite　treacheries　and　cruelties；　should　live　for　long　secure　in　hiscountry；　and　defend　himself　from　external　enemies；　and　never　beconspired　against　by　his　own　citizens；　seeing　that　many　others；　by　meansof　cruelty；　have　never　been　able　even　in　peaceful　times　to　hold　thestate；　still　less　in　the　doubtful　times　of　war。　I　believe　that　thisfollows　from　severities　being　badly　or　properly　used。　Those　may　becalled　properly　used；　if　of　evil　it　is　lawful　to　speak　well；　that　areapplied　at　one　blow　and　are　necessary　to　one's　security；　and　that　arenot　persisted　in　afterwards　unless　they　can　be　turned　to　the　advantageof　the　subjects。　The　badly　employed　are　those　which；　notwithstandingthey　may　be　few　in　the　mencement；　multiply　with　time　rather　thandecrease。　Those　who　practise　the　first　system　are　able；　by　aid　of　God　orman；　to　mitigate　in　some　degree　their　rule；　as　Agathocles　did。　It　isimpossible　for　those　who　follow　the　other　to　maintain　themselves。Hence　it　is　to　be　remarked　that；　in　seizing　a　state；　the　usurper　oughtto　examine　closely　into　all　those　injuries　which　it　is　necessary　for　himto　inflict；　and　to　do　them　all　at　one　stroke　so　as　not　to　have　to　repeatthem　daily；　and　thus　by　not　unsettling　men　he　will　be　able　to　reassurethem；　and　win　them　to　himself　by　benefits。　He　who　does　otherwise；　eitherfrom　timidity　or　evil　advice；　is　always　pelled　to　keep　the　knife　inhis　hand；　neither　can　he　rely　on　his　subjects；　nor　can　they　attachthemselves　to　him；　owing　to　their　continued　and　repeated　wrongs。　Forinjuries　ought　to　be　done　all　at　one　time；　so　that；　being　tasted　less；they　offend　less；　benefits　ought　to　be　given　little　by　little；　so　thatthe　flavour　of　them　may　last　longer。And　above　all　things；　a　prince　ought　to　live　amongst　his　people　in　sucha　way　that　no　unexpected　circumstances；　whether　of　good　or　evil；　shallmake　him　change；　because　if　the　necessity　for　this　es　in　troubledtimes；　you　are　too　late　for　harsh　measures；　and　mild　ones　will　not　helpyou；　for　they　will　be　considered　as　forced　from　you；　and　no　one　will　beunder　any　obligation　to　you　for　them。CHAPTER　IXCONCERNING　A　CIVIL　PRINCIPALITYBUT　ing　to　the　other　point　……　where　a　leading　citizen　bees　theprince　of　his　country；　not　by　wickedness　or　any　intolerable　violence；but　by　the　favour　of　his　fellow　citizens　……　this　may　be　called　a　civilprincipality：　nor　is　genius　or　fortune　altogether　necessary　to　attain　toit；　but　rather　a　happy　shrewdness。　I　say　then　that　such　a　principalityis　obtained　either　by　the　favour　of　the　people　or　by　the　favour　of　thenobles。　Because　in　all　cities　these　two　distinct　parties　are　found；　andfrom　this　it　arises　that　the　people　do　not　wish　to　be　ruled　noroppressed　by　the　nobles；　and　the　nobles　wish　to　rule　and　oppress　thepeople；　and　from　these　two　opposite　desires　there　arises　in　cities　oneof　three　results；　either　a　principality；　self…government；　or　anarchy。A　principality　is　created　either　by　the　people　or　by　the　nobles；accordingly　as　one　or　other　of　them　has　the　opportunity；　for　the　nobles；seeing　they　cannot　withstand　the　people；　begin　to　cry　up　the　reputationof　one　of　themselves；　and　they　make　him　a　prince；　so　that　under　hisshadow　they　can　give　vent　to　their　ambitions。　The　people；　finding　theycannot　resist　the　nobles；　also　cry　up　the　reputation　of　one　ofthemselves；　and　make　him　a　prince　so　as　to　be　defended　by　his　authority。He　who　obtains　sovereignty　by　the　assistance　of　the　nobles　maintainshimself　with　more　difficulty　than　he　who　es　to　it　by　the　aid　of　thepeople；　because　the　former　finds　himself　with　many　around　him　whoconsider　themselves　his　equals；　and　because　of　this　he　can　neither　rulenor　manage　them　to　his　liking。　But　he　who　reaches　sovereignty　by　popularfavour　finds　himself　alone；　and　has　none　around　him；　or　few；　who　are　notprepared　to　obey　him。Besides　this；　one　cannot　by　fair　dealing；　and　without　injury　to　others；satisfy　the　nobles；　but　you　can　satisfy　the　people；　for　their　object　ismore　righteous　than　that　of　the　nobles；　the　latter　wishing