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nce by act of parliament。
Consequently； when both Houses assembled on the 7th of January； 1674； the lords presented an address to the monarch； praying he would graciously issue a proclamation； requiring all papists； or reputed papists； within five miles of London； Westminster； or Southwark； to depart ten miles from these respective cities； and not return during this session of Parliament。 A few days afterwards an act was introduced into the House of Commons proposing a second test； impossible for catholics to accept； the refusal of which would not only render them incapable of holding any office； civil or military； or of sitting in either House of Parliament； but 〃of coming within five miles of the court。〃 This unjust bill； to which； if it passed both houses； Charles dared not refuse assent； threw the court and country into a state of renewed excitement。 Knowing it was a blow levelled at the duke； his friends gathered round him； determined to oppose it by might and main； and after great exertions caused a clause to be inserted excepting his royal highness from the test。 This was ultimately carried by a majority of two votes； which； says Clarke； 〃put the little Earl of Shaftesbury so out of humour； that he said he did not care what became of the bill； having that proviso in it。〃
This noble earl； who was chief among the royal duke's enemies； was a prominent figure in the political history of the time。 Mr。 Burnet tells us his lordship's strength lay in the knowledge of England； and of all considerable men。 〃He understood；〃 says the bishop； 〃the size of their understandings and their tempers； and he knew how to apply himself to them so dexterously； that though by his changing sides so often it was very visible how little he was to be depended on； yet he was to the last much trusted by all the discontented party。 He had no regard to truth or justice。〃 As rich in resources as he was poor in honour； he renewed a plan for depriving the Duke of York from succession to the crown； which； though it had failed when formerly attempted； he trusted might now succeed。 This was to declare the Duke of Monmouth the king's legitimate son and heir to the throne of England； a scheme which the ambitious son of Lucy Walters was eager to forward。
His majesty's affection for him had strengthened with time； and his favours had been multiplied by years。 On the death of the Duke of Albemarle； Captain General of the Forces； Monmouth had been appointed to that high office； and some time later had been made General of the Kingdom of Scotland； posts of greatest importance。 Relying on the monarch's love and the people's admiration for this illegitimate scion of royalty； Lord Shaftesbury hoped to place him on the throne。 As the first step necessary in this direction was to gain his majesty's avowal of a union with Lucy Walters； he ventured on broaching the subject to the king； at which Charles was so enraged that he declared； 〃much as he loved the Duke of Monmouth； he had rather see him hanged at Tyburn than own him as his legitimate son。〃 There was； however； another man engaged in a like design to the noble earl； who； if not less scrupulous； was more daring。
This was one Ross； a Scotsman； who had been made governor of the young duke on his first coming into England； and who had since acted as his friend and confidant。 Now Ross； who had not failed to whisper ambitious thoughts into his pupil's head； at this time sought Dr。 Cosin； Bishop of Durham； and according to the 〃Stuart Papers；〃 told him 〃he might do a great piece of service to the Church of England in keeping out popery； if he would but sign a certificate of the king's marriage to the Duke of Monmouth's mother； with whom that bishop was acquainted in Paris。 Ross also told the bishop； to make the thing more easy to him； that during his life the certificate should not be produced or made use of。〃 The same papers state that； as a bishop's certificate is a legal proof of marriage； Dr。 Cosin's compliance would have been invaluable to the duke and his friends。 His lordship； however； rejected the proposition； and laid the matter before the king； who expelled Ross from court。
Horror of popery and fear of a papist sovereign increased with time； care having been taken by my Lord Shaftesbury and his party that the public mind； once inflamed； should be kept ignited。 For this purpose he spread reports abroad that the Irish were about to rise in rebellion； backed by the French； and that the papists in London had entered into a vile conspiracy to put their fellow citizens to the sword on the first favourable opportunity。 To give this latter statement a flavour of reality he； assuming an air of fright； betook himself one night to the city； and sought refuge in the house of a fanatic； in order； he said； that he might escape the catholics； who had planned to cut his throat。
A tempest； dark and dangerous； was gathering fast； which the court felt powerless to subdue。 The king's assurance to parliament that 〃he would endeavour to satisfy the world of his steadfastness for the security of the protestant religion；〃 had little avail in soothing the people。 Many of them suspected him to be a catholic at heart； others knew he had accepted the bounty of a country feared and detested by the nation。 Deeds； not words； could alone dispel the clouds of prejudice which came between him and his subjects； and accordingly he set about the performance of such acts as might bring reconciliation in their train。
The first of these was the confirmation； according to the Protestant Church； of the Lady Mary； eldest daughter of the Duke of York； and after him heir presumptive to the crown； the second and more important was the marriage of that princess to William of Orange。 This prince was son of the king's eldest sister； and therefore grandson of Charles I。 As a hero who； by virtue of his statesmanship and indomitable courage； had rescued Holland from the hateful power of France； he was regarded not only as the saviour of his country； but as the protector of protestantism。 Already a large section of the English nation turned their eyes towards him as one whom they might elect some day to weald the sceptre of Great Britain。 Subtle； ambitious； and determined； a silent student of humanity； a grave observer of politics； a sagacious leader in warfare； he had likewise begun to look forward towards the chances of succeeding his uncle in the government of Englandin hopes of which he had been strengthened by the private overtures made him by Shaftesbury； and sustained by the public prejudices exhibited against the Duke of York。
The proposed union between him and the heiress presumptive to the crown was regarded by the nation with satisfaction； and by the prince as an act strongly favouring the realization of his desires for sovereignty。 Cold and grave in temperament； sickly and repulsive in appearance； blunt and graceless in manner； he was by no means an ideal bridegroom for a fair princess； but neither she nor her father had any choice given them in a concern so important to the pacification of the nation。 She； it was whispered at court； had previously given her heart to a brave young Scottish laird； and her fa