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'ladder' at his disposal： would he employ them to suggest to me the idea of using them in order to reach the cupboard？ Greatly excited； the parrot flapped his wings； bit the bars of his cage； and screamed：
〃'Cupboard！ Cupboard！ Cupboard！'〃
〃And I got no more out of him that day。 The next day； the bird； having received nothing but millet； for which he did not much care； instead of the hemp…seed contained in the cupboard； was in paroxysms of anger； and； after he had made numberless attempts to force open his bars； his attention was at last caught by the ladder and he said：
〃'Ladder； climb； cupboard！'〃
We have here； as the author remarks； a marvellous intellectual effort。 There is an evident association of ideas； cause is linked with effect； and examples such as this lesson appreciably the distance separating our learned horses from their less celebrated brethren。 We must admit； however； that this intellectual effort； if we observe； animals a little carefully； is much less uncommon than we think。 It surprises us in this case because a special and； when all is said； purely mechanical arrangement of the parrot's organ gives him a human voice。 At every moment； I find in my own dog associations of ideas no less evident and often more complex。 For instance； if he is thirsty； he seeks my eyes and next looks at the tap in the dressing…room； thus showing that he very plainly connects the notions of thirst； running water and human intervention。 When I dress to go out； he evidently watches all my movements。 While I am lacing my boots； he conscientiously licks my hands； in order that my divinity may be good to him and especially to congratulate me on my capital idea of going out for a constitutional。 It is a sort of general and as yet vague approval。 Boots promise an excursion out of doors； that is to say； space； fragrant roads； long grass full of surprises； corners scented with offal； friendly or tragic encounters and the pursuit of wholly illusory； game。 But the fair vision is still in anxious suspense。 He does not yet know if he is going with me。 His fate is now being decided； and his eyes； melting with anguish； devour my mind。 If I buckle on my leather gaiters； it means the sudden and utter extinction； of all that constitutes the joy of life。 They leave not a ray of hope。 They herald the hateful； lonely motorcycle； which he cannot keep up with； and he stretches himself sadly in a dark corner； where he goes back to the gloomy dreams of an unoccupied； forsaken dog。 But； when I slip my arms into the sleeves of my heavy great…coat； one would think that they were opening the gates of the most dazzling paradise。 For this implies the car； the obvious； indubitable motor…car； in other words； the radiant summit of the most superlative delight。 And delirious barks； inordinate bounds； riotous； embarrassing demonstrations of affection greet a happiness which； for all that； is but an immaterial idea； built up of artless memories and ingenuous hopes。
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I mention these matters only because they are quite ordinary and because there is nobody who has not made a thousand similar observations。 As a rule； we do not notice that these humble manifestations represent sentiments； associations of ideas； inferences； deductions； an absolute and altogether human mental effort。 They lack only speech； but speech is merely a mechanical accident which reveals the operations of thought more clearly to us。 We are amazed that Mohammed or Zarif should recognize the picture of a horse； a donkey； a hat； or a man on horseback； or that they should spontaneously report to their master the little events that happen in the stable； but it is certain that our own dog is incessantly performing a similar work and that his eyes； if we could read them； would tell us a great deal more。 The primary miracle of Elberfeld is that the stallions should have been given the means of expressing what they think and feel。 It is momentous； but； when closely looked into； it is not incomprehensible。 Between the talking horses and my silent dog there is an enormous distance； but not an abyss。 I am saying this not to detract from the nature or extent of the prodigy； but to call attention to the fact that the theory of animal intelligence is more justifiable and less fanciful than one is at first inclined to think。
24
But the second and greater miracle is that man should have been able to rouse the horse from his immemorial sleep； to fix and direct his attention and to interest him in matters that are more foreign and indifferent to him than the variations of temperature in Sirius or Aldebaran are to us。 It really seems； when we consider our preconceived ideas； that there is not in the animal an organic and insurmountable inability to do what man's brain does； a total and irremediable absence of intellectual faculties； but rather a profound lethargy and torpor of those faculties。 It lives in a sort of undisturbed stolidity； of nebulous slumber。 As Dr。 Ochorowicz very justly remarks； 〃its waking state is very near akin to the state of a man walking in his sleep。〃 Having no notion of space or time； it spends its life； one may say； in a perpetual dream。 It does what is strictly necessary to keep itself alive； and all the rest passes over it and does not penetrate at all into its hermetically closed imaginings。 Exceptional circumstancessome extraordinary need； wish； passion or shockare required to produce what M。 Hachet…Souplet calls 〃the psychic flash〃 which suddenly thaws and galvanizes its brain； placing it for a minute in the waking state in which the human brain works normally。 Nor is this surprising。 It does not need that awakening in order to exist； and we know that nature never makes great superfluous efforts。。 〃The intellect；〃 as Professor Clarapede well says； 〃appears only as a makeshift； an instrument which betrays that the organism is not adapted to its environment； a mode of expression which reveals a state of impotence。〃
It is probable that our brain at first suffered from the same lethargy； a condition； for that matter； from which many men have not yet emerged； and it is even more probable that； compared with other modes of existence； with other psychic phenomena； on another plane and in another sphere； the dense sleep in which we move is similar to that in which the lower animals have their being。 It also is traversed； with increasing frequency； by psychic flashes of a different order and a different scope。 Seeing； on the one side； the intellectual movement that seems to be spreading among our lesser brothers and； on the other； the ever more constantly repeated manifestations of our subconsciousness； we might even ask ourselves if we have not here； on two different planes； a tension； a parallel pressure； a new desire； a new attempt of the mysterious spiritual force which animates the universe and which seems to be incessantly seeking fresh outlets and fresh conducting rods。 Be this as it may； when the flash has passed； we behave very much as the animals do： we promptly lapse into the indifferent sleep which suffices also for our miserable ways。 We ask no more of it； we do not follow the luminous trail that summons us to an unknown world； we go on turning in our dism