按键盘上方向键 ← 或 → 可快速上下翻页，按键盘上的 Enter 键可回到本书目录页，按键盘上方向键 ↑ 可回到本页顶部！
————未阅读完？加入书签已便下次继续阅读！
ved。 In such cases the opening may be large enough to allow a great part of the visceral constituents to pass into the thorax； sometimes seriously interfering with respiration and circulation by the pressure which ensues。 Alderson reports a fatal case of diaphragmatic hernia with symptoms of pneumothorax。 The stomach； spleen； omentum； and transverse colon were found lying in the left pleura。 Berchon mentions double perforation of the diaphragm with hernia of the epiploon。 The most extensive paper on this subject was contributed by Bodwitch； who； besides reporting an instance in the Massachusetts General Hospital； gives a numerical analysis of all the cases of this affection found recorded in the writings of medical authors between the years 1610 and 1846。 Hillier speaks of an instance of congenital diaphragmatic hernia in which nearly all the small intestines and two…thirds of the large passed into the right side of the thorax。 Macnab reports an instance in which three years after the cure of empyema the whole stomach constituted the hernia。 Recently Joly described congenital hernia of the stomach in a man of thirty…seven； who died from collapse following lymphangitis； persistent vomiting； and diarrhea。 At the postmortem there was found a defect in the diaphragm on the left side； permitting herniation of the stomach and first part of the duodenum into the left pleural cavity。 There was no history of traumatism to account for strangulation。 Longworth cites an instance of inversion of the diaphragm in a human subject。 Bartholinus mentions coalition of the diaphragm and liver； and similar cases are spoken of by Morgagni and the Ephemerides。 Hoffman describes diaphragmatic junction with the lung。
Anomalies of the Stomach。The Ephemerides contains the account of a dissection in which the stomach was found wanting； and also speaks of two instances of duplex stomach。 Bartholinus； Heister； Hufeland； Morgagni； Riolan； and Sandifort cite examples of duplex stomach。 Bonet speaks of a case of vomiting which was caused by a double stomach。 Struthers reports two cases in which there were two cavities to the stomach。 Struthers also mentions that Morgagni； Home； Monro； Palmer； Larry； Blasius； Hufeland； and Walther also record instances in which there was contraction in the middle of the stomach； accounting for their instances of duplex stomach。 Musser reports an instance of hour…glass contraction of the stomach。 Hart dissected the stomach of a woman of thirty which resembled the stomach of a predaceous bird； with patches of tendon on its surface。 The right extremity instead of continuously contracting ended in a culdesac one…half as large as the greater end of the stomach。 The duodenum proceeded from the depression marking the lesser arch of the organ midway between the cardiac orifice and the right extremity。 Crooks speaks of a case in which the stomach of an infant terminated in a culdesac。
Hernia of the stomach is not uncommon； especially in diaphragmatic or umbilical deficiency。 There are many cases on record； some terminating fatally from strangulation or exposure to traumatism。 Paterson reports a case of congenital hernia of the stomach into the left portion of the thoracic cavity。 It was covered with fat and occupied the whole left half of the thoracic cavity。 The spleen； pancreas； and transverse colon were also superior to the diaphragm。 Death was caused by a well…defined round perforation at the cardiac curvature the size of a sixpence。
Anomalies of the Intestines。The Ephemerides contains the account of an example of double cecum； and Alexander speaks of a double colon； and there are other cases of duplication of the bowel recorded。 There is an instance of coalition of the jejunum with the liver； and Treuner parallels this case。 Aubery； Charrier Poelman； and others speak of congenital division of the intestinal canal。 Congenital occlusion is quite frequently reported。
Dilatation of the colon frequently occurs as a transient affection； and by its action in pushing up the diaphragm may so seriously interfere with the action of the heart and lungs as to occasionally cause heart…failure。 Fenwick has mentioned an instance of this nature。 According to Osler there is a chronic form of dilatation of the colon in which the gut may reach an enormous size。 The coats may be hypertrophied without evidence of any special organic change in the mucosa。 The most remarkable instance has been reported by Formad。 The patient； known as the 〃balloon…man；〃 aged twenty…three at the time of his death； had had a distended abdomen from infancy。 Postmortem the colon was found as large as that of an ox； the circumference ranging from 15 to 30 inches。 The weight of the contents was 47 pounds。 Cases are not uncommon in children。 Osler reports three well…marked cases under his care。 Chapman mentions a case in which the liver was displaced by dilatation of the sigmoid flexure。 Mya reports two cases of congenital dilatation and hypertrophy of the colon （megacolon congenito）。 Hirsohsprung； Genersich； Faralli； Walker； and Griffiths all record similar instances； and in all these cases the clinical features were obstinate constipation and marked meteorismus。
Imperforate Anus。Cases in which the anus is imperforate or the rectum ends in a blind pouch are occasionally seen。 In some instances the rectum is entirely absent； the colon being the termination of the intestinal tract。 There are cases on record in which the rectum communicated with the anus solely by a fibromuscular cord。 Anorectal atresia is the ordinary imperforation of the anus； in which the rectum terminates in the middle of the sacral cavity。 The rectum may be deficient from the superior third of the sacrum； and in this position is quite inaccessible for operation。
A compensatory coalition of the bowel with the bladder or urethra is sometimes present； and in these cases the feces are voided by the urinary passages。 Huxham mentions the fusion of the rectum and colon with the bladder； and similar instances are reported by Dumas and Baillie。 Zacutus Lusitanus describes an infant with an imperforate membrane over its anus who voided feces through the urethra for three months。 After puncture of the membrane； the discharge came through the natural passage and the child lived； Morgagni mentions a somewhat similar case in a little girl living in Bologna； and other modern instances have been reported。 The rectum may terminate in the vagina。 Masters has seen a child who lived nine days in whom the sigmoid flexure of the colon terminated in the fundus of the bladder。 Guinard pictures a case in which there was communication between the rectum and the bladder。 In Figure 140 a represents the rectum； b the bladder； c the point of communication； g shows the cellular tissue of the scrotum。
There is a description of a girl of fourteen； otherwise well constituted and healthy； who had neither external genital organs nor anus。 There was a plain dermal covering over the genital and anal region。 She ate regularly； but every three days she experienced pain in the umbilicus and much intestinal irritation； followed by severe vomiting of stercoraceous matter； the pains then ceased and she cleansed her mouth with aromatic