按键盘上方向键 ← 或 → 可快速上下翻页，按键盘上的 Enter 键可回到本书目录页，按键盘上方向键 ↑ 可回到本页顶部！
————未阅读完？加入书签已便下次继续阅读！
almos； in which the right eye protruded from the orbit and was no longer covered by the cornea。 Kinney has an account of a child born without eyeballs。 The delivery was normal； and there was no history of any maternal impression； the child was otherwise healthy and well formed。
Landes reports the case of an infant in which both eyes were absent。 There were six fingers on each hand and six toes on each foot。 The child lived a few weeks。 In some instances of supposed absence of the eyeball the eye is present but diminutive and in the posterior portion of the orbit。 There are instances of a single orbit with no eyes and also a single orbit containing two eyes。 Again we may have two orbits with an absence of eyes but the presence of the lacrimal glands； or the eyes may be present or very imperfectly developed。 Mackenzie mentions cases in which the orbit was more or less completely wanting and a mass of cellular tissue in each eye。
Cases of living cyclopia； or individuals with one eye in the center of the forehead after the manner of the mythical Cyclops； are quite rare。 Vallentini in 1884 reports a case of a male cyclopic infant which lived for seventy…three hours。 There were median fissures of the upper lip； preauricular appendages； oral deformity； and absence of the olfactory proboscis The fetus was therefore a cyclops arrhynchus； or cyclocephalus。 Blok describes a new…born infant which lived for six or seven hours； having but one eye and an extremely small mouth。
The 〃Four…eyed Man of Cricklade〃 was a celebrated English monstrosity of whom little reliable information is obtainable。 He was visited by W。 Drury； who is accredited with reporting the following
〃 'So wondrous a thing； such a lusus naturae； such a scorn and spite of nature I have never seen。 It was a dreadful and shocking sight。' This unfortunate had four eyes placed in pairs； 'one eye above the other and all four of a dull brown； encircled with red； the pupils enormously large。' The vision in each organ appeared to be perfect。 'He could shut any particular eye； the other three remaining open； or； indeed； as many as he chose； each several eye seeming to be controlled by his will and acting independently of the remainder。 He could also revolve each eye separately in its orbit； looking backward with one and forward with another； upward with one and downward with another simultaneously。' He was of a savage； malignant disposition； delighting in ugly tricks； teasing children； torturing helpless animals； uttering profane and blasphemous words； and acting altogether like the monster； mental and physical； that he was。 'He could play the fiddle； though in a silly sort； having his notes on the left side； while closing the right pair of eyes。 He also sang； but in a rough； screeching voice not to be listened to without disgust。'〃
There is a recent report of a child born in Paris with its eyes in the top of its head。 The infant seemed to be doing well and crowds of people have flocked to see it。 Recent reports speak of a child born in Portland； Oregon； which had a median rudimentary eye between two normal eyes。 Fournier describes an infant born with perfectly formed eyes； but with adherent eyelids and closed ocular aperture。 Forlenze has seen the pupils adherent to the conjunctiva； and by dissection has given sight to the subject。
Dubois cites an instance of supernumerary eyelid。 At the external angle of the eyelid was a fold of conjunctiva which extended 0。5 cm。 in front of the conjunctiva； to which it did not adhere； therefore constituting a fourth eyelid。 Fano presents a similar case in a child of four months； in whom no other anomaly； either of organs or of vision； was observed。 On the right side； in front of the external half of the sclerotic； was observed a semilunar fold with the concavity inward； and which projected much more when the lower lid was depressed。 When the eyelid rolled inward the fold rolled with the globe； but never reached so far as the circumference of the cornea and did not interfere with vision。
Total absence of both irides has been seen in a man of eighteen。 Dixon reports a case of total aniridia with excellent sight in a woman of thirty…seven。 In Guy's Hospital there was seen a case of complete congenital absence of the iris。 Hentzschel speaks of a man with congenital absence of the iris who had five children； three of whom exhibited the same anomaly while the others were normal。 Benson； Burnett； Demaux； Lawson； Morison； Reuling； Samelson； and others also report congenital deficiency of the irides in both eyes。
Jeaffreson describes a female of thirty； living in India； who was affected with complete ossification of the iris。 It was immovable and quite beautiful when seen through the transparent cornea； the sight was only slightly impaired。 No cause was traceable。
Multiple Pupils。More than one pupil in the eye has often been noticed； and as many as six have been seen。 They may be congenital or due to some pathologic disturbance after birth。 Marcellus Donatus speaks of two pupils in one eye。 Beer； Fritsche； and Heuermann are among the older writers who have noticed supernumerary pupils。 Higgens in 1885 described a boy whose right iris was perforated by four pupils；one above； one to the inner side； one below； and a fourth to the outer side。 The first three were slit…shaped； the fourth was the largest and had the appearance as of the separation of the iris from its insertion。 There were two pupils in the left eye； both to the outer side of the iris； one being slit…like and the other resembling the fourth pupil in the right eye。 All six pupils commenced at the periphery； extended inward； and were of different sizes。 The fundus could be clearly seen through all of the pupils； and there was no posterior staphyloma nor any choroidal changes。 There was a rather high degree of myopia。 This peculiarity was evidently congenital； and no traces of a central pupil nor marks of a past iritis could be found。 Clinical Sketches a contains quite an extensive article on and several illustrations of congenital anomalies of the iris。
Double crystalline lenses are sometimes seen。 Fritsch and Valisneri have seen this anomaly and there are modern references to it。 Wordsworth presented to the Medical Society of London six members of one family； all of whom had congenital displacement of the crystalline lens outward and upward。 The family consisted of a woman of fifty； two sons； thirty…five and thirty…seven； and three grandchildrena girl of ten and boys of five and seven。 The irides were tremulous。
Clark reports a case of congenital dislocation of both crystalline lenses。 The lenses moved freely through the pupil into the anterior chambers。 The condition remained unchanged for four years； when glaucoma supervened。
Differences in Color of the Two Eyes。It is not uncommon to see people with different colored eyes。 Anastasius I had one black eye and the other blue； from whence he derived his name 〃Dicore；〃 by which this Emperor of the Orient was generally known。 Two distinct colors have been seen in an iris。 Berry gives a colored illustration of such a case。
The varieties of strabismus are so common that they will be passed without mention。 Kuhn prese