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aurice made an observation on a vice of conformation of the lower jaw which rendered lactation impossible； probably causing the death of the infant on this account。 Tomes gives a description of a lower jaw the development of the left ramus of which had been arrested。 Canton mentions arrest of development of the left perpendicular ramus of the lower jaw combined with malformation of the external ear。
Exaggerated prominence of the maxillaries is called prognathism； that of the superior maxilla is seen in the North American Indians。 Inferior prognathism is observed in man as well as in animals。 The bull…dog； for example； displays this； but in this instance the deformity is really superior brachygnathism； the superior maxilla being arrested in development。
Congenital absence of the nose is a very rare anomaly。 Maisonneuve has seen an example in an individual in which； in place of the nasal appendix； there was a plane surface perforated by two small openings a little less than one mm。 in diameter and three mm。 apart。
Exaggeration in volume of the nose is quite frequent。 Ballonius speaks of a nose six times larger than ordinary。 Viewing the Roman celebrities； we find that Numa； to whom was given the surname Pompilius； had a nose which measured six inches。 Plutarch； Lyourgus； and Solon had a similar enlargement； as had all the kings of Italy except Tarquin the Superb。
Early in the last century a man； Thomas Wedders （or Wadhouse）； with a nose 7 1/2 inches long； was exhibited throughout Yorkshire。 This man expired as he had lived； in a condition of mind best described as the most abject idiocy。 The accompanying illustration is taken from a reproduction of an old print and is supposed to be a true likeness of this unfortunate individual。
There are curious pathologic formations about the nose which increase its volume so enormously as to interfere with respiration and even with alimentation； but these will be spoken of in another chapter。
There have been some celebrities whose noses were undersized。 The Duc de Guise； the Dauphin d'Auvergne； and William of Orange； celebrated in the romances of chivalry； had extremely short noses。
There are a few recorded cases of congenital division of the nose。 Bartholinus； Borellus； and the Ephemerides speak of duplex noses。 Thomas of Tours has observed congenital fissure of the nose。 Rikere reports the case of an infant of three weeks who possessed a supernumerary nose on the right nasal bone near the inner canthus of the eye。 It was pear…shaped； with its base down； and was the size of the natural nose of an infant of that age； and air passed through it。 Hubbell； Ronaldson； and Luscha speak of congenital occlusion of the posterior nares。 Smith and Jarvis record cases of congenital occlusion of the anterior nares。
Anomalies in size of the mouth are not uncommon。 Fournier quotes the history of a man who had a mouth so large that when he opened it all his back teeth could be seen。 There is a history of a boy of seventeen who had a preternaturally…sized mouth； the transverse diameter being 6 1/2 inches。 The mother claimed that the boy was born with his foot in his mouth and to this fact attributed his deformity。 The negro races are noted for their large mouths and thick lips。 A negro called 〃Black Diamond；〃 recently exhibited in Philadelphia； could put both his fists in his mouth。
Morgan reports two cases of congenital macrostoma accompanied by malformation of the auricles and by auricular appendages。 Van Duyse mentions congenital macrostoma with preauricular tumors and a dermoid of the eye。 Macrostoma is sometimes produced by lateral fissures。 In other cases this malformation is unilateral and the fissure ascends； in which instance the fissure may be accompanied by a fistula of the duct of Stensen。 Sometimes there is associated with these anomalies curious terminations of the salivary ducts； either through the cheek by means of a fistula or on the anterior part of the neck。
Microstoma。There are a few cases on record in which the mouth has been so small or ill…defined as not to admit of alimentation。 Molliere knew an individual of forty whose mouth was the exact size of a ten…centime piece。
Buchnerus records a case of congenital atresia of the mouth。 Cayley； Smith； Sourrouille； and Stankiewiez of Warsaw discuss atresia of the mouth。 Cancrum oris； scarlet fever； burns； scurvy； etc。； are occasional causes that have been mentioned； the atresia in these instances taking place at any time of life。
Anomalies of the Lips。The aboriginal tribes are particularly noted for their large and thick lips； some of which people consider enormous lips signs of adornment。 Elephantiasis or other pathologic hypertrophy of the labial tissues can produce revolting deformity； such as is seen in Figure 100； representing an individual who was exhibited several years ago in Philadelphia。 We have in English the expression； 〃pulling a long lip。〃 Its origin is said to date back to a semimythical hero of King Arthur's time； who； 〃when sad at heart and melancholic；〃 would let one of his lips drop below his waist； while he turned the other up like a cap on his head。
Blot records a case of monstrous congenital hypertrophy of the superior lip in an infant of eight months。 Buck successfully treated by surgical operations a case of congenital hypertrophy of the under lip； and Detmold mentions a similar result in a young lady with hypertrophy of the lip and lower part of the nose。 Murray reports an undescribed malformation of the lower lip occurring in one family。
Hare…lip may be unilateral or double； and may or may not include the palatine arch。 In the worst cases it extends in fissures on both sides to the orbit。 In other cases the minimum degree of this deformity is seen。
Congenital absence of the tongue does not necessarily make speech； taste； or deglutition impossible。 Jussieu cites the case of a girl who was born without a tongue but who spoke very distinctly。 Berdot describes a case in which the tongue was deficient； without apparent disturbance of any of the functions。 Riolan mentions speech after loss of the tongue from small…pox。
Boddington gives an account of Margaret Cutting； who spoke readily and intelligibly； although she had lost her tongue。 Saulquin has an observation of a girl without a tongue who spoke； sang； and swallowed normally。 Aurran； Bartholinus； Louis； Parsons； Tulpius； and others mention speech without the presence of a tongue。
Philib reports a case in which mutism； almost simulating that of one congenitally deaf； was due to congenital adhesions of the tongue to the floor of the buccal cavity。 Speech was established after removal of the abnormal adhesion。 Routier speaks of ankylosis of the tongue of seventeen years' duration。
Jurist records such abnormal mobility of the tongue that the patient was able to project the tongue into the nasopharynx。 Wherry and Winslow record similar instances。
There have been individuals with bifid tongues； after the normal type of serpents and saurians； and others who possessed a supernumerary tongue。 Rev。 Henry Wharton； Chaplain to Archbishop Sancroft； in his journal； written in the seventeenth century； says that he was born with two