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well…shaped labia as shown by the accompanying illustration。 She menstruated slightly and had an opening at the root of the clitoris。 The parotid region showed signs of a beard and she had hair on her upper lip。 On August 20； 1864； a person came into the Hotel…Dieu； asking treatment for chronic pleurisy。 He said his age was sixty…five； and he pursued the calling of a mountebank； but remarked that in early life he had been taken for a woman。 He had menstruated at eight and had been examined by doctors at sixteen。 The menstruation continued until 1848； and at its cessation he experienced the feelings of a male。 At this time he presented the venerable appearance of a long…bearded old man。 At the autopsy； about two months later； all the essentials of a female were delineated。 A Fallopian tube； ovaries； uterus； and round ligaments were found； and a drawing in cross…section of the parts was made。 There is no doubt but that this individual was Marie…Madeline Lefort in age。
Worbe speaks of a person who was supposed to be feminine for twenty…two years。 At the age of sixteen she loved a farmer's son； but the union was delayed for some reason； and three years later her grace faded and she became masculine in her looks and tastes。 It was only after lengthy discussion； in which the court took part； that it was definitely settled that this person was a male。
Adelaide Preville； who was married as a female； and as such lived the last ten years of her life in France； was found on dissection at the Hotel…Dieu to be a man。 A man was spoken of in both France and Germany a who passed for many years as a female。 He had a cleft scrotum and hypospadias； which caused the deception。 Sleeping with another servant for three years； he constantly had sexual congress with her during this period； and finally impregnated her。 It was supposed in this case that the posterior wall of the vagina supplied the deficiency of the lower boundary of the urethra； forming a complete channel for the semen to proceed through。 Long ago in Scotland a servant was condemned to death by burial alive for impregnating his master's daughter while in the guise and habit of a woman。 He had always been considered a woman。 We have heard of a recent trustworthy account of a pregnancy and delivery in a girl who had been impregnated by a bed…fellow who on examination proved to be a male pseudohermaphrodite。
Fournier speaks of an individual in Lisbon in 1807 who was in the highest degree graceful； the voice feminine； the mammae well developed； The female genitalia were normal except the labia majora； which were rather diminutive。 The thighs and the pelvis。 were not so wide as those of a woman。 There was some beard on the chin； but it was worn close。 the male genitalia were of the size and appearance of a male adult and were covered with the usual hair。 This person had been twice pregnant and aborted at the third and fifth month。 During coitus the penis became erect； etc。
Schrell describes a case in which； independent of the true penis and testicles； which were well formed； there existed a small vulva furnished with labia and nymphae； communicating with a rudimentary uterus provided with round ligaments and imperfectly developed ovaries。 Schrell remarks that in this case we must notice that the female genitalia were imperfectly developed； and adds that perfect hermaphroditism is a physical impossibility without great alterations of the natural connections of the bones and other parts of the pelvis。 Cooper describes a woman with an enormous development of the clitoris； an imperforate uterus； and absence of vagina； at first sight of the parts they appeared to be those of a man。
In 1859 Hugier succeeded in restoring a vagina to a young girl of twenty who had an hypertrophied clitoris and no signs of a vagina。 The accompanying illustrations show the conformation of the parts before operation with all the appearance of ill…developed male genitalia； and the appearance afterward with restitution of the vaginal opening。
Virchow in 1872； Boddaert in 1875； and Marchand in 1883 report cases of duplication of the genitalia； and call their cases true hermaphrodites from an anatomic standpoint。 There is a specimen in St。 Bartholomew's Hospital in London from a man of forty…four； who died of cerebral hemorrhage。 He was well formed and had a beard and a full…sized penis。 He was married； and it was stated that his wife had two children。 The bladder and the internal organs of generation were those of a man in whom neither testis had descended into the scrotum； and in whom the uterus masculinus and vagina were developed to an unusual degree。 The uterus； nearly as large as in the adult female； lay between the bladder and rectum； and was enclosed between two layers of peritoneum； to which； on either side of the uterus； were attached the testes。 There was also shown in London the pelvic organs from a case of complex or vertical hermaphroditism occurring in a child of nine months who died from the effects of an operation for the radical cure of a right inguinal hernia。 The external organs were those of a male with undescended testes。 The bladder was normal and its neck was surrounded by a prostate gland。 Projecting backward were a vagina； uterus； and broad ligaments； round ligaments； and Fallopian tubes； with the testes in the position of the ovaries。 There were no seminal vesicles。 The child died eleven days after the operation。 The family history states that the mother had had 14 children and eight miscarriages。 Seven of the children were dead and showed no abnormalities。 The fifth and sixth children were boys and had the same sexual arrangement。
Barnes； Chalmers； Sippel； and Litten describe cases of spurious hermaphroditism due to elongation of the clitoris。 In Litten's case a the clitoris was 3 1/2 inches long； and there was hydrocele of the processus vaginalis on both sides； making tumors in the labium on one side and the inguinal canal on the other； which had been diagnosed as testicles and again as ovaries。 There was associate cystic ovarian disease。 Plate 4 is taken from a case of false external bilateral hermaphroditism。 Phillips mentions four cases of spurious hermaphroditism in one family； and recently Pozzi tells of a family of nine individuals in whom this anomaly was observed。 The first was alive and had four children； the second was christened a female but was probably a male； the third； fourth； and fifth were normal but died young； the sixth daughter was choreic and feeble…minded； aged twenty…nine； and had one illegitimate child； the seventh； a boy； was healthy and married； the eighth was christened a female； but when seventeen was declared by the Faculty to be a male； the ninth was christened a female； but at eighteen the genitals were found to be those of a male； though the mammae were well developed。
O'Neill speaks of a case in which the clitoris was five inches long and one inch thick； having a groove in its inferior surface reaching down to an oblique opening in the perineum。 The scrotum contained two hard bodies thought to be testicles； and the general appearance was that of hypospadias。 Postmortem a complete set of female genitalia was found； although the ovaries were