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erus； Tackius； Guerbois； Hueber； Therrin； Castellanau； Pauquet； and others have written extensively upon this theme。 It is said that the inhabitants of cold countries； such as the Laplanders and the Danes； are the most susceptible to this malady。 For a long time many writers spoke of the frequency and intensity of nostalgia among the Swiss。 Numerous cases of suicide from this affliction have been noticed among these hardy mountaineers； particularly on hearing the mountain…song of their homes； 〃Ranz des vaches。〃 This statement； which is an established fact； is possibly due to the social constitution of the Swiss mountaineers； who are brought up to a solitary home life； and who universally exhibit great attachment to and dependence upon their parents and immediate family。 In the European armies nostalgia has always been a factor in mortality。 In the Army of the Moselle； and in Napoleon's Alpine Army； the terrible ravages of suicide among the young Bretons affected with nostalgia have been recorded； it is among the French people that most of the investigation on this subject has been done。 Moreau speaks of a young soldier in a foreign country and army who fell into a most profound melancholy when； by accident； he heard his native tongue。 According to Swinger and Sauvages women are less subject to nostalgia than men。 Nostalgia has been frequently recorded in hospital wards。 Percy and Laurent have discussed this subject very thoroughly； and cite several interesting cases among emigrants； soldiers； marines； etc。 Hamilton speaks of a recruit who became prostrated by longing for his home in Wales。 He continually raved； but recovered from his delirium when assured by the hospital authorities of his forthcoming furlough。 Taylor records two cases of fatal nostalgia。 One of the victims was a Union refugee who went to Kentucky from his home in Tennessee。 He died talking about and pining for his home。 The second patient was a member of a regiment of colored infantry； he died after repeatedly pining for his old home。
Animals are sometimes subject to nostalgia； and instances are on record in which purchasers have been compelled to return them to the old home on account of their literal home…sickness。 Oswald tells of a bear who； in the presence of food； committed suicide by starvation。
Hypochondria consists of a mild form of insanity in which there is a tendency to exaggerate the various sensations of the body and their importance； their exaggeration being at times so great as to amount to actual delusion。 All sorts of symptoms are dwelt upon； and the doctor is pestered to the extreme by the morbid fears of the patient。
Morbid fears or impulses； called by the Germans Zwangsvorstellungen； or Zwangshandlungen； and by the French； peurs maladies； have only been quite recently studied； and form most interesting cases of minor insanity。 Gelineau has made extensive investigations in this subject； and free reference has been made to his work in the preparation of the following material。
Aichmophobia is a name given by the French to the fear of the sight of any sharp…pointed instrument； such as a pin； needle； fish…spine； or naked sword。 An illustrious sufferer of this 'phobia was James I of England； who could never tolerate the appearance of a drawn sword。 Gelineau reports an interesting case of a female who contracted this malady after the fatigue of lactation of two children。 She could not tolerate knives； forks； or any pointed instruments on the table； and was apparently rendered helpless in needle…work on account of her inability to look at the pointed needle。
Agoraphobia is dread of an open space； and is sometimes called Kenophobia。 The celebrated philosopher Pascal was supposed to have been affected with this fear。 In agoraphobia the patient dreads to go across a street or into a field； is seized with an intense feeling of fright； and has to run to a wall or fall down； being quite unable to proceed。 There is violent palpitation； and a feeling of constriction is experienced。 According to Suckling； pallor and profuse perspiration are usually present； but there is no vertigo； confusion of mind； or loss of consciousness。 The patient is quite conscious of the foolishness of the fears； but is unable to overcome them。 The will is in abeyance and is quite subservient to the violent emotional disturbances。 Gray mentions a patient who could not go over the Brooklyn Bridge or indeed over any bridge without terror。 Roussel speaks of a married woman who had never had any children； and who was apparently healthy； but who for the past six months had not been able to put her head out of the window or go upon a balcony。 When she descended into the street she was unable to traverse the open spaces。 Chazarin mentions a case in a woman of fifty； without any other apparent symptom of diathesis。 Gelineau quotes a case of agoraphobia； secondary to rheumatism； in a woman of thirty…nine。 There is a corresponding fear of high places often noticed； called acrophobia； so that many people dare not trust themselves on high buildings or other eminences。
Thalassophobia is the fear of the view of immense spaces or uninterrupted expanses。 The Emperor Heraclius； at the age of fifty…nine； had an insurmountable fear of the view of the sea； and it is said that when he crossed the Bosphorus a bridge of boats was formed； garnished on both sides with plants and trees； obscuring all view of the water over which the Emperor peacefully traversed on horseback。 The moralist Nicole； was equally a thalassophobe； and always had to close his eyes at the sight of a large sheet of water； when he was seized with trembling in all his limbs。 Occasionally some accident in youth has led to an aversion to traversing large sheets of water； and there have been instances in which persons who have fallen into the water in childhood have all their lives had a terror of crossing bridges。
Claustrophobia is the antithesis of agoraphobia。 Raggi describes a case of such a mental condition in a patient who could not endure being within an enclosure or small space。 Suckling mentions a patient of fifty…six who suffered from palpitation when shut in a railway carriage or in a small room。 She could only travel by rail or go into a small room so long as the doors were not locked； and on the railroad she had to bribe the guard to leave the doors unlocked。 The attacks were purely mental； for the woman could be deceived into believing that the door to a railroad carriage was unlocked； and then the attack would immediately subside。 Suckling also mentions a young woman brought to him at Queen's Hospital who had a great fear of death on getting into a tram car； and was seized with palpitation and trembling on merely seeing the car。 This patient had been in an asylum。 The case was possibly due more to fear of an accident than to true claustrophobia。 Gorodoichze mentions a case of claustrophobia in a woman of thirty…eight； in whose family there was a history of hereditary insanity。 Ball speaks of a case in a woman who was overcome with terror half way in the ascension of the Tour Saint…Jacques； when she believed the door below was closed。 Gelineau quotes the case of a brave young soldier who was believed to be