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measles。 The mother was attacked with pneumonia on the fifth day of her puerperium； but recovered； the child died in four weeks of intestinal catarrh。 Gautier found measles transmitted from the mother to the fetus in 6 out of 11 cases； there being 2 maternal deaths in the 11 cases。
Netter has observed the case of transmission of pneumonia from a mother to a fetus； and has seen two cases in which the blood from the uterine vessels of patients with pneumonia contained the pneumococcus。 Wallick collected a number of cases of pneumonia occurring during pregnancy； showing a fetal mortality of 80 per cent。
Felkin relates two instances of fetal malaria in which the infection was probably transmitted by the male parent。 In one case the father near term suffered severely from malaria； the mother had never had a chill。 The violent fetal movements induced labor； and the spleen was so large as to retard it。 After birth the child had seven malarial paroxysms but recovered； the splenic tumor disappearing。
The modes of infection of the fetus by syphilis； and the infection of the mother； have been well discussed； and need no mention here。
There has been much discussion on the effects on the fetus in utero of medicine administered to the pregnant mother； and the opinions as to the reliability of this medication are so varied that we are in doubt as to a satisfactory conclusion。 The effects of drugs administered and eliminated by the mammary glands and transmitted to the child at the breast are well known； and have been witnessed by nearly every physician； and； as in cases of strong metallic purges； etc。； need no other than the actual test。 However； scientific experiments as to the efficacy of fetal therapeutics have been made from time to time with varying results。
Gusserow of Strasbourg tested for iodin； chloroform； and salicylic acid in the blood and secretions of the fetus after maternal administration just before death。 In 14 cases in which iodin had been administered； he examined the fetal urine of 11 cases； in 5； iodin was present； and in the others； absent。 He made some similar experiments on the lower animals。 Benicke reports having given salicylic acid just before birth in 25 cases； and in each case finding it in the urine of the child shortly after birth。
At a discussion held in New York some years ago as to the real effect on the fetus of giving narcotics to the mother； Dr。 Gaillard Thomas was almost alone in advocating that the effect was quite visible。 Fordyce Barker was strongly on the negative side。 Henning and Ahlfeld； two German observers； vouch for the opinion of Thomas； and Thornburn states that he has witnessed the effect of nux vomica and strychnin on the fetus shortly after birth。 Over fifty years ago； in a memoir on 〃Placental Phthisis；〃 Sir James Y。 Simpson advanced a new idea in the recommendation of potassium chlorate during the latter stages of pregnancy。 The efficacy of this suggestion is known； and whether； as Simpson said； it acts by supplying extra oxygen to the blood； or whether the salt itself is conveyed to the fetus； has never been definitely settled。
McClintock； who has been a close observer on this subject； reports some interesting cases。 In his first case he tried a mixture of iron perchlorid and potassium chlorate three times a day on a woman who had borne three dead children； with a most successful result。 His second case failed； but in a third he was successful by the same medication with a woman who had before borne a dead child。 In a fourth case of unsuccessful pregnancy for three consecutive births he was successful。 His fifth case was extraordinary： It was that of a woman in her tenth pregnancy； who； with one exception； had always borne a dead child at the seventh or eighth month。 The one exception lived a few hours only。 Under this treatment he was successful in carrying the woman safely past her time for miscarriage； and had every indication for a normal birth at the time of report。 Thornburn believes that the administration of a tonic like strychnin is of benefit to a fetus which； by its feeble heart…beats and movements； is thought to be unhealthy。 Porak has recently investigated the passage of substances foreign to the organism through the placenta； and offers an excellent paper on this subject； which is quoted in brief in a contemporary number of Teratologia。
In this important paper； Porak； after giving some historical notes； describes a long series of experiments performed on the guinea…pig in order to investigate the passage of arsenic； copper； lead； mercury； phosphorus； alizarin； atropin； and eserin through the placenta。 The placenta shows a real affinity for some toxic substances； in it accumulate copper and mercury； but not lead； and it is therefore through it that the poison reaches the fetus； in addition to its pulmonary； intestinal； and renal functions； it fixes glycogen and acts as an accumulator of poisons； and so resembles in its action the liver； therefore the organs of the fetus possess only a potential activity。 The storing up of poisons in the placenta is not so general as the accumulation of them in the liver of the mother。 It may be asked if the placenta does not form a barrier to the passage of poisons into the circulation of the fetus； this would seem to be demonstrated by mercury； which was always found in the placenta and never in the fetal organs。 In poisoning by lead and copper the accumulation of the poison in the fetal tissues is greater than in the maternal； perhaps from differences in assimilation and disassimilation or from greater diffusion。 Whilst it is not an impermeable barrier to the passage of poisons； the placenta offers a varying degree of obstruction： it allows copper and lead to pass easily； arsenic with greater difficulty。 The accumulation of toxic substances in the fetus does not follow the same law as in the adult。 They diffuse more widely in the fetus。 In the adult the liver is the chief accumulatory organ。 Arsenic； which in the mother elects to accumulate in the liver； is in the fetus stored up in the skin； copper accumulates in the fetal liver； central nervous system； and sometimes in the skin； lead which is found specially in the maternal liver； but also in the skin； has been observed in the skin； liver； nervous centers； and elsewhere in the fetus。 The frequent presence of poisons in the fetal skin demonstrates its physiologic importance。 It has probably not a very marked influence on its health。 On the contrary； accumulation in the placenta and nerve centers explains the pathogenesis of abortion and the birth of dead fetuses （〃mortinatatite〃） Copper and lead did not cause abortion； but mercury did so in two out of six cases。 Arsenic is a powerful abortive agent in the guinea…pig； probably on account of placental hemorrhages。 An important deduction is that whilst the placenta is frequently and seriously affected in syphilis； it is also the special seat for the accumulation of mercury。 May this not explain its therapeutic action in this disease？ The marked accumulation of lead in the central nervous system of the fetus explains the frequency and serious character of saturnine encephalopathic lesions。 The presence of arsenic in the