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around the part to be removed。 Trueheart reports a case of partial excision of the clavicle； successfully followed by the grafting of periosteal and osseous material taken from a dog。 Robson and Hayes of Rochester； N。Y。； have successfully supplemented excision of spina bifida by the transplantation of a strip of periosteum from a rabbit。 Poncet hastened a cure in a case of necrosis with partial destruction of the periosteum by inserting grafts taken from the bones of a dead infant and from a kid。 Ricketts speaks of bone…grafting and the use of ivory； and remarks that Poncet of Lyons restored a tibia in nine months by grafting to the superior articular surface。 Recently amalgam fillings have been used in bone…cavities to supplant grafting。
In destructive injuries of the skin； various materials were formerly used in grafting； none of which； however； have produced the same good effect as the use of skin by the Thiersch Method； which will be described later
Rodgers； U。S。N。； reports the case of a white man of thirty…eight who suffered from gangrene of the skin of the buttocks caused by sitting in a pan of caustic potash。 When seen the man was intoxicated； and there was a gangrenous patch four by six inches on his buttocks。 Rodgers used grafts from the under wing of a young fowl； as suggested by Redard； with good result。 Vanmeter of Colorado describes a boy of fourteen with a severe extensive burn； a portion beneath the chin and lower jaw； and the right arm from the elbow to the fingers； formed a granulating surface which would not heal； and grafting was resorted to。 The neck…grafts were supplied by the skin of the father and brother； but the arm…grafts were taken from two young puppies of the Mexican hairless breed； whose soft； white； hairless skin seemed to offer itself for the purpose with good prospect of a successful result。 The outcome was all that could be desired。 The puppy…grafts took faster and proved themselves to be superior to the skin…grafts。 There is a case reported in which the skin of a greyhound seven days old； taken from the abdominal wall and even from the tail； was used with most satisfactory results in grafting an extensive ulcer following a burn on the left leg of a boy of ten。 Masterman has grafted with the inner membrane of a hen's egg； and a Mexican surgeon； Altramirano； used the gills of a cock。
Fowler of Brooklyn has grafted with the skin from the back and abdomen of a large frog。 The patient was a colored boy of sixteen； who was extensively burned by a kerosene lamp。 The burns were on the legs； thighs； buttocks； and right ankle； and the estimated area of burnt surface was 247。95 square inches。 The frog skin was transferred to the left buttocks； and on the right buttocks eight long strips of white skin were transferred after the manner of Thiersch。 A strip of human skin was placed in one section over the frog skin； but became necrotic in four days； not being attached to the granulating surface。 The man was discharged cured in six months。 The frog skin was soft； pliable； and of a reddish hue； while the human white skin was firm and rapidly becoming pigmented。 Leale cites the successful use of common warts in a case of grafting on a man of twenty who was burned on the foot by a stream of molten metal。 Leale remarks that as common warts of the skin are collections of vascular papillae； admitting of separation without injury to their exceptionally thick layer of epidermis； they are probably better for the purposes of skin…grafting than ordinary skin of less vitality or vascularity。 Ricketts has succeeded in grafting the skin of a frog to that of a tortoise； and also grafting frog skin to human skin。 Ricketts remarks that the prepuce of a boy is remarkably good material for grafting。 Sponge…grafts are often used to hasten cicatrization of integumental wounds。 There is recorded an instance in which the breast of a crow and the back of a rat were grafted together and grew fast。 The crow dragged the rat along； and the two did not seem to care to part company。
Relative to skin…grafting proper； Bartens succeeded in grafting the skin of a dead man of seventy on a boy of fourteen。 Symonds reports cases of skin…grafting of large flaps from amputated limbs； and says this method is particularly available in large hospitals where they have amputations and grafts on the same day。 Martin has shown that； after many hours of exposure in the open air at a temperature of nearly 32 degrees F。； grafts could be successfully applied； but in such temperatures as 82 degrees F。； exposure of from six to seven hours destroyed their vitality； so that if kept cool； the limb of a healthy individual amputated for some accident； may be utilized for grafting purposes。
Reverdin originated the procedure of epidermic grafting。 Small grafts the size of a pin…head doing quite as well as large ones。 Unfortunately but little diminution of the cicatricial contraction is effected by Reverdin's method。 Thiersch contends that healing of a granulated surface results first from a conversion of the soft； vascular granulation…papillae； by contraction of some of their elements into young connective…tissue cells； into 〃dry； cicatricial papillae；〃 actually approximating the surrounding tissues。 thus diminishing the area to be covered by epidermis； and； secondly； by the covering of these papillae by epidermic cells。 Thiersch therefore recommends that for the prevention of cicatricial contraction； the grafting be performed with large strips of skin。
Harte gives illustrations of a case of extensive skin…grafting on the thigh from six inches above the great trochanter well over the median line anteriorly and over the buttock。 This extent is shown in Figure 228； taken five months after the accident； when the granulations had grown over the edge about an inch。 Figure 229 shows the surface of the wound； six and one…half months after the accident and three months after the applications of numerous skin…grafts。
Cases of self…mutilation may be divided into three classes：those in which the injuries are inflicted in a moment of temporary insanity from hallucinations or melancholia； with suicidal intent； and in religious frenzy or emotion。 Self…mutilation is seen in the lower animals； and Kennedy； in mentioning the case of a hydrocephalic child who ate off its entire under lip； speaks also of a dog； of cats； and of a lioness who ate off their tails。 Kennedy mentions the habit in young children of biting the finger…nails as an evidence of infantile trend toward self…mutilation。 In the same discussion Collins states that he knew of an instance in India in which a horse lay down； deliberately exposing his anus； and allowing the crows to pick and eat his whole rectum。 In temporary insanity； in fury； or in grief； the lower animals have been noticed by naturalists to mutilate themselves。
Self…mutilation in man is almost invariably the result of meditation over the generative function； and the great majority of cases of this nature are avulsions or amputations of some parts of the genitalia。 The older records are full of such instances。 Benivenius； Blanchard； Knackstedt； and Schenck cite cases。 Smetius mentions castration which was effected by using the fing