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unded； an incision was made in the forehead and a portion of the frontal bone chiseled away entrance being thus effected； the aura was incised； and some blood and cerebrospinal fluid escaped。 Five splinters were removed and a portion of the damaged brain…substance； and a small artery was tied with catgut。 The debris of the eyeball was enucleated and a drain was placed in the frontal wound； coming out through the orbit。 The patient soon regained consciousness and experienced no bad symptoms afterward。 The drains were gradually withdrawn； the process of healing advanced rapidly； and recovery soon ensued。
Annandale mentions an instance in which a knitting…needle penetrated the brain through the orbit。 Hewett speaks of perforation of the roof of the orbit and injury to the brain by a lead…pencil。
Gunshot Injuries of the Orbit。Barkan recites the case in which a leaden ball 32/100 inch in diameter was thrown from a sling into the left orbital cavity； penetrating between the eyeball and osseous wall of the orbit without rupturing the tunics of the eye or breaking the bony wall of the cavity。 It remained lodged two weeks without causing any pain or symptoms； and subsequently worked itself forward； contained in a perfect conjunctival sac； in which it was freely movable。
Buchanan recites the case of a private in the army who was shot at a distance of three feet away； the ball entering the inner canthus of the right eye and lodging under the skin of the opposite side。 The eye was not lost； and opacity of the lower part of the cornea alone resulted。 Cold water and purging constituted the treatment。
It is said a that an old soldier of one of Napoleon's armies had a musket…ball removed from his left orbit after twenty…four years' lodgment。 He was struck in the orbit by a musket…ball； but as at the same time a companion fell dead at his side he inferred that the bullet rebounded from his orbit and killed his comrade。 For twenty…four years he had suffered from cephalalgia and pains and partial exophthalmos of the left eye。 After removal of the ball the eye partially atrophied。
Warren reports a case of a man of thirty…five whose eyeball was destroyed by the explosion of a gun； the breech…pin flying off and penetrating the head。 The orbit was crushed； fourteen months afterward the man complained of soreness on the hard palate； and the whole breech…pin； with screw attached； was extracted。 The removal of the pin was followed by fissure of the hard palate； which； however； was relieved by operation。 The following is an extract of a report by Wenyon of Fatshan； South China：
〃Tang Shan； Chinese farmer； thirty…one years of age； was injured in the face by the bursting of a shot…gun。 After being for upward of two months under the treatment of native practitioners； he came to me on December 4； 1891。 I observed a cicatrix on the right side of his nose； and above this a sinus； still unhealed； the orifice of which involved the inner canthus of the right eye； and extended downward and inward for about a centimeter。 The sight of the right eye was entirely lost； and the anterior surface of the globe was so uniformly red that the cornea could hardly be distinguished from the surrounding conjunctiva。 There was no perceptible enlargement or protrusion of the eyeball； and it did not appear to have sustained any mechanical injury or loss of tissue。 The ophthalmia and keratitis were possibly caused by the irritating substances applied to the wound by the Chinese doctors。 The sinus on the side of the nose gave exit to a continuous discharge of slightly putrid pus； and the patient complained of continuous headache and occasional dizziness； which interfered with his work。 The pain was referred to the right frontal and temporal regions； and the skin on this part of the head had a slight blush； but there was no superficial tenderness。 The patient had been told by his native doctors； and he believed it himself； that there was no foreign body in the wound； but on probing it I easily recognized the lower edge of a hard metallic substance at a depth of about one inch posteriorly from the orifice of the sinus。 Being unable to obtain any reliable information as to the probable size or shape of the object； I cautiously made several attempts to remove it through a slightly enlarged opening； but without success。 I therefore continued the incision along the side of the nose to the nostril； thus laying open the right nasal cavity； then； seizing the foreign body with a pair of strong forceps； I with difficulty removed the complete breech…pin of a Chinese gun。 Its size and shape are accurately represented by the accompanying drawing。 The breech…pin measures a little over three inches in length； and weighs 21 ounces； or 75。6 grams。 It had evidently lain at the back of the orbit； inclined upward and slightly backward from its point of entrance； at an angle of about 45 degrees。 On its removal the headache was at once relieved and did not return。 In ten days the wound was perfectly healed and the patient went back to his work。 A somewhat similar case； but which terminated fatally； is recorded in the American Journal of the Medical Sciences of July； 1882。〃
The extent of permanent injury done by foreign bodies in the orbit is variable。 In some instances the most extensive wound is followed by the happiest result； while in others vision is entirely destroyed by a minor injury。
Carter reports a case in which a hat…peg 3 3/10 inches long and about 1/4 inch in diameter （upon one end of which was a knob nearly 1/2 inch in diameter） was impacted in the orbit for from ten to twenty days； and during this time the patient was not aware of the fact。 Recovery followed its extraction； the vision and movements of the eye being unimpaired。
According to the Philosophical Transactions a laborer thrust a long lath with great violence into the inner canthus of the left eye of his fellow workman； Edward Roberts。 The lath broke off short； leaving a piece two inches long； 1/2 inch wide； and 1/4 inch thick； in situ。 Roberts rode about a mile to the surgery of Mr。 Justinian Morse； who extracted it with much difficulty； recovery followed； together with restoration of the sight and muscular action。 The lath was supposed to have passed behind the eyeball。 Collette speaks of an instance in which 186 pieces of glass were extracted from the left orbit； the whole mass weighing 186 Belgian grains。 They were blown in by a gust of wind that broke a pane of glass； after extraction no affection of the brain or eye occurred。 Watson speaks of a case in which a chip of steel 3/8 inch long was imbedded in cellular tissue of the orbit for four days； and was removed without injury to the eye。 Wordsworth reports a case in which a foreign body was deeply imbedded in the orbit for six weeks； and was removed with subsequent recovery。 Chisholm has seen a case in which for five weeks a fly was imbedded in the culdesac between the lower lid and the eyeball。
Foreign bodies are sometimes contained in the eyeball for many years。 There is an instance on record in which a wooden splinter； five mm。 long and two mm。 broad； remained in the eye forty…seven years。 It was extracted； with the lens in which it was lodged； t