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ed great pleasure throughout the whole procedure。
Pain as a Means of Sexual Enjoyment。There is a form of sexual perversion in which the pervert takes delight in being subjected to degrading； humiliating； and cruel acts on the part of his or her associate。 It was named masochism from Sacher…Masoch； an Austrian novelist； whose works describe this form of perversion。 The victims are said to experience peculiar pleasure at the sight of a rival who has obtained the favor of their mistress； and will even receive blows and lashes from the rival with a voluptuous mixture of pain and pleasure。 Masochism corresponds to the passivism of Stefanowski； and is the opposite of sadism； in which the pleasure is derived from inflicting pain on the object of affection。 Krafft…Ebing cites several instances of masochism。
Although the enjoyment and frenzy of flagellation are well known； its pleasures are not derived from the pain but by the undoubted stimulation offered to the sexual centers by the castigation。 The delight of the heroines of flagellation； Maria Magdalena of Pazzi and Elizabeth of Genton； in being whipped on the naked loins； and thus calling up sensual and lascivious fancies； clearly shows the significance of flagellation as a sexual excitant。 It is said that when Elizabeth of Genton was being whipped she believed herself united with her ideal and would cry out in the loudest tones of the joys of love。
There is undoubtedly a sympathetic communication between the ramifying nerves of the skin of the loins and the lower portion of the spinal cord which contains the sexual centers。 Recently； in cases of dysmenorrhea； amenorrhea dysmenorrhagia； and like sexual disorders； massage or gentle flagellation of the parts contiguous with the genitalia and pelvic viscera has been recommended。 Taxil is the authority for the statement that just before the sexual act rakes sometimes have themselves flagellated or pricked until the blood flows in order to stimulate their diminished sexual power。 Rhodiginus； Bartholinus； and other older physicians mention individuals in whom severe castigation was a prerequisite of copulation。 As a ritual custom flagellation is preserved to the present day by some sects。
Before leaving the subject of flagellation it should be stated that among the serious after…results of this practice as a disciplinary means； fatal emphysema； severe hemorrhage； and shock have been noticed。 There are many cases of death from corporal punishment by flogging。 Ballingal records the death of a soldier from flogging； Davidson has reported a similar case； and there is a death from the same cause cited in the Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal for 1846。
Idiosyncrasy is a peculiarity of constitution whereby an individual is affected by external agents in a different manner from others。 Begin defines idiosyncrasy as the predominance of an organ； of a viscus； or a system of organs。 This definition does not entirely grasp the subject。 An idiosyncrasy is something inherent in the organization of the individual； of which we only see the manifestation when proper causes are set in action。 We do not attempt to explain the susceptibility of certain persons to certain foods and certain exposures。 We know that such is the fact。 According to Begin's idea； there is scarcely any separation between idiosyncrasy and temperament； whereas from what would appear to be sound reasoning； based on the physiology of the subject； a very material difference exists。
Idiosyncrasies may be congenital； hereditary； or acquired； and； if acquired； may be only temporary。 Some； purely of mental origin； are often readily cured。 One individual may synchronously possess an idiosyncrasy of the digestive； circulatory； and nervous systems。 Striking examples of transitory or temporary idiosyncrasies are seen in pregnant women。
There are certain so…called antipathies that in reality are idiosyncrasies； and which are due to peculiarities of the ideal and emotional centers。 The organ of sense in question and the center that takes cognizance of the image brought to it are in no way disordered。 In some cases the antipathy or the idiosyncrasy develops to such an extent as to be in itself a species of monomania。 The fear…maladies； or 〃phobias；〃 as they are called； are examples of this class； and； belonging properly under temporary mental derangements； the same as hallucinations or delusions； will be spoken of in another chapter。
Possibly the most satisfactory divisions under which to group the material on this subject collected from literature are into examples of idiosyncrasies in which； although the effect is a mystery； the sense is perceptible and the cause distinctly defined and known； and those in which sensibility is latent。 The former class includes all the peculiar antipathies which are brought about through the special senses； while the latter groups all those strange instances in which； without the slightest antipathy on the part of the subject； a certain food or drug； after ingestion； produces an untoward effect。
The first examples of idiosyncrasies to be noticed will be those manifested through the sense of smell。 On the authority of Spigelius； whose name still survives in the nomenclature of the anatomy of the liver； Mackeuzie quotes an extraordinary case in a Roman Cardinal； Oliver Caraffa； who could not endure the smell of a rose。 This is confirmed from personal observation by another writer； Pierius； who adds that the Cardinal was obliged every year to shut himself up during the rose season； and guards were stationed at the gates of his palace to stop any visitors who might be wearing the dreadful flower。 It is； of course； possible that in this case the rose may not have caused the disturbance； and as it is distinctly stated that it was the smell to which the Cardinal objected； we may fairly conclude that what annoyed him was simply a manifestation of rose…fever excited by the pollen。 There is also an instance of a noble Venetian who was always confined to his palace during the rose season。 However； in this connection Sir Kenelm Digby relates that so obnoxious was a rose to Lady Heneage； that she blistered her cheek while accidentally lying on one while she slept。 Ledelius records the description of a woman who fainted before a red rose； although she was accustomed to wear white ones in her hair。 Cremer describes a Bishop who died of the smell of a rose from what might be called 〃aromatic pain。〃
The organ of smell is in intimate relation with the brain and the organs of taste and sight； and its action may thus disturb that of the esophagus； the stomach； the diaphragm； the intestines； the organs of generation； etc。 Odorous substances have occasioned syncope； stupor； nausea； vomiting； and sometimes death。 It is said that the Hindoos； and some classes who eat nothing but vegetables； are intensely nauseated by the odors of European tables； and for this reason they are incapable of serving as dining…room servants。
Fabricius Hildanus mentions a person who fainted from the odor of vinegar。 The Ephemerides contains an instance of a soldier who fell insensible from the odor of a peony。 Wagner knew a man who was made ill by the odor of bouillon of crab