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Throwing 50…pound Weight。J。 S。 Mitchell； at New York； September 22； 1894； made the distance record of 35 feet 10 inches； and at Chicago； September 16； 1893； made the height record of 15 feet 4 1/2 inches。
The class of people commonly known as contortionists by the laxity of their muscles and ligaments are able to dislocate or preternaturally bend their joints。 In entertainments of an arena type and even in what are now called 〃variety performances〃 are to be seen individuals of this class。 These persons can completely straddle two chairs； and do what they call 〃the split；〃 they can place their foot about their neck while maintaining the upright position； they can bend almost double at the waist in such a manner that the back of the head will touch the calves； while the legs are perpendicular with the ground； they can bring the popliteal region over their shoulders and in this position walk on their hands； they can put themselves in a narrow barrel； eat with a fork attached to a heel while standing on their hands； and perform divers other remarkable and almost incredible feats。 Their performances are genuine； and they are real physiologic curiosities。 Plate 6 represents two well…known contortionists in their favorite feats。
Wentworth； the oldest living contortionist； is about seventy years of age； but seems to have lost none of his earlier sinuosity。 His chief feat is to stow himself away in a box 23 X 29 X 16 inches。 When inside； six dozen wooden bottles of the same size and shape as those which ordinarily contain English soda water are carefully stowed away； packed in with him； and the lid slammed down。 He bestows upon this act the curious and suggestive name of 〃Packanatomicalization。〃
Another class of individuals are those who can either partially or completely dislocate the major articulations of the body。 Many persons exhibit this capacity in their fingers。 Persons vulgarly called 〃double jointed〃 are quite common。
Charles Warren； an American contortionist； has been examined by several medical men of prominence and descriptions of him have appeared from time to time in prominent medical journals。 When he was but a child he was constantly tumbling down； due to the heads of the femurs slipping from the acetabula； but reduction was always easy。 When eight years old he joined a company of acrobats and strolling performers； and was called by the euphonious title of 〃the Yankee dish…rag。〃 His muscular system was well…developed； and； like Sandow； he could make muscles act in concert or separately。
He could throw into energetic single action the biceps； the supinator longus； the radial extensors； the platysma myoides； and many other muscles。 When he 〃strings；〃 as he called it； the sartorius； that ribbon muscle shows itself as a tight cord； extending from the front of the iliac spine to the inner side of the knee。 Another trick was to leave flaccid that part of the serratus magnus which is attached to the inferior angle of the scapula whilst he roused energetic contraction in the rhomboids。 He could displace his muscles so that the lower angles of the scapulae projected and presented the appearance historically attributed to luxation of the scapula。
Warren was well informed on surgical landmarks and had evidently been a close student of Sir Astley Cooper's classical illustrations of dislocations。 He was able so to contract his abdominal muscles that the aorta could be distinctly felt with the fingers。 In this feat nearly all the abdominal contents were crowded beneath the diaphragm。 On the other hand； he could produce a phantom abdominal tumor by driving the coils of the intestine within a peculiar grasp of the rectus and oblique muscles。 The 〃growth〃 was rounded； dull on percussion； and looked as if an exploratory incision or puncture would be advisable for diagnosis。
By extraordinary muscular power and extreme laxity of his ligaments； he simulated all the dislocations about the hip joint。 Sometimes he produced actual dislocation； hut usually he said he could so distort his muscles as to imitate in the closest degree the dislocations。 He could imitate the various forms of talipes； in such a way as to deceive an expert。 He dislocated nearly every joint in the body with great facility。 It was said that he could contract at will both pillars of the fauces。 He could contract his chest to 34 inches and expand it to 41 inches。
Warren weighed 150 pounds； was a total abstainer； and was the father of two children； both of whom could readily dislocate their hips。
In France in 1886 there was shown a man who was called 〃l'homme protee；〃 or protean man。 He had an exceptional power over his muscles。 Even those muscles ordinarily involuntary he could exercise at will。 He could produce such rigidity of stature that a blow by a hammer on his body fell as though on a block of stone。 By his power over his abdominal muscles he could give himself different shapes； from the portly alderman to the lean and haggard student； and he was even accredited with assuming the shape of a 〃living skeleton。〃 Quatrefages； the celebrated French scientist； examined him； and said that he could shut off the blood from the right side and then from the left side of the body； which feat he ascribed to unilateral muscular action。
In 1893 there appeared in Washington； giving exhibitions at the colleges there and at the Emergency Hospital； a man named Fitzgerald； claiming to reside in Harrisburg； Pa。； who made his living by exhibiting at medical colleges over the country。 He simulated all the dislocations； claiming that they were complete； using manual force to produce and reduce them。 He exhibited a thorough knowledge of the pathology of dislocations and of the anatomy of the articulations。 He produced the different forms of talipes； as well as all the major hip…dislocations。 When interrogated as to the cause of his enormous saphenous veins； which stood out like huge twisted cords under the skin and were associated with venous varicosity on the leg； he said he presumed they were caused by his constantly compressing the saphenous vein at the hip in giving his exhibitions； which in some large cities were repeated several times a day。
Endurance of Pain。The question of the endurance of pain is； necessarily； one of comparison。 There is little doubt that in the lower classes the sensation of pain is felt in a much less degree than in those of a highly intellectual and nervous temperament。 If we eliminate the element of fear； which always predominates in the lower classes； the result of general hospital observation will show this distinction。 There are many circumstances which have a marked influence on pain。 Patriotism； enthusiasm； and general excitement； together with pride and natural obstinacy； prove the power of the mind over the body。 The tortures endured by prisoners of war； religious martyrs and victims； exemplify the power of a strong will excited by deep emotion over the sensation of pain。 The flagellants； persons who expiated their sins by voluntarily flaying themselves to the point of exhaustion； are modern examples of persons who in religious enthusiasm inflict pain on themselves。 In the ancient times in India the frenzied zealots strugg