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ears been diminishing； and many of the older feats are forbidden by law。
Jumpers and acrobatic tumblers have been popular from the earliest time。 By the aid of springing boards and weights in their hands； the old jumpers covered great distances。 Phayllus of Croton is accredited with jumping the incredible distance of 55 feet； and we have the authority of Eustache and Tzetzes that this jump is genuine。 In the writings of many Greek and Roman historians are chronicled jumps of about 50 feet by the athletes； if they are true； the modern jumpers have greatly degenerated。 A jump of over 20 feet to…day is considered very clever； the record being 29 feet seven inches with weights； and 23 feet eight inches without weights； although much greater distances have been jumped with the aid of apparatus； but never an approximation to 50 feet。 The most surprising of all these athletes are the tumblers； who turn somersaults over several animals arranged in a row。 Such feats are not only the most amusing sights of a modern circus； but also the most interesting as well。 The agility of these men is marvelous； and the force with which they throw themselves in the air apparently enables them to defy gravity。 In London； Paris； or New York one may see these wonderful tumblers and marvel at the capabilities of human physical development。
In September； 1895； M。 F。 Sweeney； an American amateur； at Manhattan Field in New York jumped six feet 5 5/8 inches high in the running high jump without weights。 With weights； J。 H。 Fitzpatrick at Oak Island； Mass。； jumped six feet six inches high。 The record for the running high kick is nine feet eight inches； a marvelous performance； made by C。 C。 Lee at New Haven； Conn。； March 19； 1887。
Extraordinary physical development and strength has been a grand means of natural selection in the human species。 As Guyot…Daubes remarks； in prehistoric times； when our ancestors had to battle against hunger； savage beasts； and their neighbors； and when the struggle for existence was so extremely hard； the strong man alone resisted and the weak succumbed。 This natural selection has been perpetuated almost to our day； during the long succession of centuries； the chief or the master was selected on account of his being the strongest； or the most valiant in the combat。 Originally； the cavaliers； the members of the nobility； were those who were noted for their courage and strength； and to them were given the lands of the vanquished。 Even in times other than those of war； disputes of succession were settled by jousts and tourneys。 This fact is seen in the present day among the lower animals； who in their natural state live in tribes； the leader is usually the strongest； the wisest； and the most courageous。
The strong men of all times have excited the admiration of their fellows and have always been objects of popular interest。 The Bible celebrates the exploits of Samson of the tribe of Dan。 During his youth he； single handed； strangled a lion； with the jaw…bone of an ass he is said to have killed 1000 Philistines and put the rest to flight。 At another time during the night he transported from the village of Gaza enormous burdens and placed them on the top of a mountain。 Betrayed by Delilah； he was delivered into the hands of his enemies and employed in the most servile labors。 When old and blind he was attached to the columns of an edifice to serve as an object of public ridicule； with a violent effort he overturned the columns； destroying himself and 3000 Philistines。
In the Greek mythology we find a great number of heroes； celebrated for their feats of strength and endurance。 Many of them have received the name of Hercules； but the most common of these is the hero who was supposed to be the son of Jupiter and Alemena。 He was endowed with prodigious strength by his father； and was pursued with unrelenting hatred by Juno。 In his infancy he killed with his hands the serpents which were sent to devour him。 The legends about him are innumerable。 He was said to have been armed with a massive club； which only he was able to carry。 The most famous of his feats were the twelve labors； with which all readers of mythology are familiar。 Hercules； personified； meant to the Greeks physical force as well as strength； generosity； and bravery； and was equivalent to the Assyrian Hercules。 The Gauls had a Hercules…Pantopage； who； in addition to the ordinary qualities attributed to Hercules； had an enormous appetite。
As late as the sixteenth century； and in a most amusing and picturesque manner； Rabelais has given us the history of Gargantua； and even to this day； in some regions； there are groups of stones which are believed by ignorant people to have been thrown about by Gargantua in his play。 In their citations the older authors often speak of battles； and in epic ballads of heroes with marvelous strength。 In the army of Charlemagne； after Camerarius； and quoted by Guyot…Daubes （who has made an extensive collection of the literature on this subject and to whom the authors are indebted for much information）； there was found a giant named Oenother； a native of a village in Suabia； who performed marvelous feats of strength。 In his history of Bavaria Aventin speaks of this monster。 To Roland； the nephew of Charlemagne； the legends attributed prodigious strength； and； dying in the valley of Roncesveaux； he broke his good sword 〃Durandal〃 by striking it against a rock； making a breach； which is stilled called the 〃Breche de Roland。〃 Three years before his death； on his return from Palestine； Christopher； Duke of Bavaria； was said to have lifted to his shoulders a stone which weighed more than 340 pounds。 Louis de Boufflers； surnamed the 〃Robust；〃 who lived in 1534； was noted for his strength and agility。 When he placed his feet together； one against the other； he could find no one able to disturb them。 He could easily bend and break a horseshoe with his hands； and could seize an ox by the tail and drag it against its will。 More than once he was said to have carried a horse on his shoulders。 According to Guyot…Daubes there was； in the last century； a Major Barsaba who could seize the limb of a horse and fracture its bone。 There was a tale of his lifting an iron anvil； in a blacksmith's forge； and placing it under his coat。
To the Emperor Maximilian I was ascribed enormous strength； even in his youth； when but a simple patriot； he vanquished； at the games given by Severus； 16 of the most vigorous wrestlers； and accomplished this feat without stopping for breath。 It is said that this feat was the origin of his fortune。 Among other celebrated persons in history endowed with uncommon strength were Edmund 〃Ironsides；〃 King of England； the Caliph Mostasem…Billah； Baudouin； 〃Bras…de…Fer；〃 Count of Flanders； William IV； called by the French 〃Fier…a…Bras；〃 Duke of Aquitaine； Christopher； son of Albert the Pious； Duke of Bavaria； Godefroy of Bouillon； the Emperor Charles IV； Scanderbeg； Leonardo da Vinci； Marshal Saxe； and the recently deceased Czar of Russia； Alexander III。
Turning now to the authentic modern Hercules； we have a man by the name of Eckeberg； born in Anhalt； and who traveled under the name of 〃Samson。〃 He was exhibited in London； a