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e。 If the scheme I am now proposing to you were known； it might give alarm to others； and by putting them on a plan of the same nature； before we could lay a proper foundation for success ourselves； set the different interests clashing and in the end overturn the whole。〃 Nor can it be denied that Washington's attitude to the commercial development of the West was characterized in his early days by a narrow colonial partisanship。 He was a stout Virginian； and all stout Virginians of that day refused to admit the pretensions of other colonies to the land beyond the mountains。 But from no man could the shackles of self…interest and provincial rivalry drop more quickly than they dropped from Washington when he found his country free after the close of the Revolutionary War。 He then began to consider how that country might grow and prosper。 And he began to preach the new doctrine of expansion and unity。 This new doctrine first appears in a letter which he wrote to the Marquis de Chastellux in 1783； after a tour from his camp at Newburg into central New York； where he had explored the headwaters of the Mohawk and the Susquehanna： 〃I could not help taking a more extensive view of the vast inland navigation of these United States ＇the letter runs＇ and could not but be struck by the immense extent and importance of it； and of the goodness of that Providence which has dealt its favors to us with so profuse a hand。 Would to God we may have wisdom enough to improve them。 I shall not rest contented till I have explored the Western country； and traversed those lines； or great part of them； which have given bounds to a new empire。〃
〃The vast inland navigation of these United States！〃 It is an interesting fact that Washington should have had his first glimpse of this vision from the strategic valley of the Mohawk； which was soon to rival his beloved Potomac as an improved commercial route from the seaboard to the West； and which was finally to achieve an unrivaled superiority in the days of the Erie Canal and the Twentieth Century Limited。
We may understand something of what the lure of the West meant to Washington when we learn that in order to carry out his proposed journey after the Revolution； he was compelled to refuse urgent invitations to visit Europe and be the guest of France。 〃I found it indispensably necessary；〃 he writes； 〃to visit my Landed property West of the Apalacheon Mountains。。。。 One object of my journey being to obtain information of the nearest and best communication between Eastern & Western waters； & to facilitate as much as in me lay the Inland Navigation of the Potomack。〃
On September 1； 1784； Washington set out from Mount Vernon on his journey to the West。 Even the least romantic mind must feel a thrill in picturing this solitary horseman； the victor of Yorktown； threading the trails of the Potomac； passing on by Cumberland and Fort Necessity and Braddock's grave to the Monongahela。 The man； now at the height of his fame； is retracing the trails of his boyhoodcovering ground over which he had passed as a young officer in the last English and French warbut he is seeing the land in so much larger perspective that； although his diary is voluminous； the reader of those pages would not know that Washington had been this way before。 Concerning Great Meadows； where he first saw the 〃bright face of danger〃 and which he once described gleefully as 〃a charming place for an encounter；〃 he now significantly remarks： 〃The upland； East of the meadow； is good for grain。〃 Changed are the ardent dreams that filled the young man's heart when he wrote to his mother from this region that singing bullets 〃have truly a charming sound。〃 Today； as he looks upon the flow of Youghiogheny； he sees it reaching out its finger tips to Potomac's tributaries。 He perceives a similar movement all along the chain of the Alleghanies： on the west are the Great Lakes and the Ohio； and reaching out towards them from the east； waiting to be joined by portage road and canal； are the Hudson； the Susquehanna； the Potomac； and the James。 He foresees these streams bearing to the Atlantic ports the golden produce of the interior and carrying back to the interior the manufactured goods of the seaboard。 He foresees the Republic becoming homogeneous； rich； and happy。 〃Open ALL the communication which nature has afforded；〃 he wrote Henry Lee； 〃between the Atlantic States and the Western territory； and encourage the use of them to the utmost。。。and sure I am there is no other tie by which they will long form a link in the chain of Federal Union。〃
Crude as were the material methods by which Washington hoped to accomplish this end； in spirit he saw the very America that we know today； and he marked out accurately the actual pathways of inland commerce that have played their part in the making of America。 Taking the city of Detroit as the key position； commercially； he traced the main lines of internal trade。 He foresaw New York improving her natural line of communication by way of the Mohawk and the Niagara frontier on Lake Eriethe present line of the Erie Canal and the New York Central Railway。 For Pennsylvania； he pointed out the importance of linking the Schuylkill and the Susquehanna and of opening the two avenues westward to Pittsburgh and to Lake Erie。 In general； he thus forecast the Pennsylvania Canal and the Pennsylvania and the Erie railways。 For Maryland and Virginia he indicated the Potomac route as the nearest for all the trade of the Ohio Valley； with the route by way of the James and the Great Kanawha as an alternative for the settlements on the lower Ohio。 His vision here was realized in a later day by the Potomac and the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal； the Cumberland Road； the Baltimore and Ohio Railway； and by the James…Kanawha Turnpike and the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway。
Washington's general conclusions are stated in a summary at the end of his Journal； which was reproduced in his classic letter to Harrison； written in 1784。 His first point is that every State which had water routes reaching westward could enhance the value of its lands； increase its commerce； and quiet the democratic turbulence of its shut…in pioneer communities by the improvement of its river transportation。 Taking Pennsylvania as a specific example； he declared that 〃there are one hundred thousand souls West of the Laurel Hill； who are groaning under the inconveniences of a long land transportation。。。。 If this cannot be made easy for them to Philadelphia。。。they will seek a mart elsewhere。。。。 An opposition on the part of ＇that＇ government。。。would ultimately bring on a separation between its Eastern and Western settlements； towards which there is not wanting a disposition at this moment in that part of it beyond the mountains。〃
Washington's second proposal was the achievement of a new and lasting conquest of the West by binding it to the seaboard with chains of commerce。 He thus states his point： 〃No well informed mind need be told that the flanks and rear of the United territory are possessed by other powers； and formidable ones toonor how necessary it is to apply the cement of interest to bind all parts of it together； by one indissoluble bondparticularly the middle S