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means of these conceptions。 But how objects as things in themselves…
how the nature of things is subordinated to principles and is to be
determined。 according to conceptions； is a question which it seems
well nigh impossible to answer。 Be this； however； as it may… for on
this point our investigation is yet to be made… it is at least
manifest from what we have said that cognition from principles is
something very different from cognition by means of the understanding；
which may indeed precede other cognitions in the form of a
principle； but in itself… in so far as it is synthetical… is neither
based upon mere thought； nor contains a general proposition drawn from
conceptions alone shall comprehend
The understanding may be a faculty for the production of unity of
phenomena by virtue of rules； the reason is a faculty for the
production of unity of rules （of the understanding） under
principles。 Reason； therefore； never applies directly to experience；
or to any sensuous object； its object is； on the contrary； the
understanding； to the manifold cognition of which it gives a unity a
priori by means of conceptions… a unity which may be called rational
unity； and which is of a nature very different from that of the
unity produced by the understanding。
The above is the general conception of the faculty of reason； in
so far as it has been possible to make it comprehensible in the
absence of examples。 These will be given in the sequel。
B。 OF THE LOGICAL USE OF REASON。
A distinction is commonly made between that which is immediately
cognized and that which is inferred or concluded。 That in a figure
which is bounded by three straight lines there are three angles； is an
immediate cognition； but that these angles are together equal to two
right angles； is an inference or conclusion。 Now； as we are constantly
employing this mode of thought and have thus become quite accustomed
to it； we no longer remark the above distinction； and； as in the
case of the so…called deceptions of sense； consider as immediately
perceived； what has really been inferred。 In every reasoning or
syllogism； there is a fundamental proposition； afterwards a second
drawn from it； and finally the conclusion； which connects the truth in
the first with the truth in the second… and that infallibly。 If the
judgement concluded is so contained in the first proposition that it
can be deduced from it without the meditation of a third notion； the
conclusion is called immediate （consequentia immediata）； I prefer
the term conclusion of the understanding。 But if； in addition to the
fundamental cognition； a second judgement is necessary for the
production of the conclusion； it is called a conclusion of the reason。
In the proposition： All men are mortal； are contained the
propositions： Some men are mortal； Nothing that is not mortal is a
man； and these are therefore immediate conclusions from the first。
On the other hand； the proposition： all the learned are mortal； is not
contained in the main proposition （for the conception of a learned man
does not occur in it）； and it can be deduced from the main proposition
only by means of a mediating judgement。
In every syllogism I first cogitate a rule （the major） by means of
the understanding。 In the next place I subsume a cognition under the
condition of the rule （and this is the minor） by means of the
judgement。 And finally I determine my cognition by means of the
predicate of the rule （this is the conclusio）； consequently； I
determine it a priori by means of the reason。 The relations；
therefore； which the major proposition； as the rule； represents
between a cognition and its condition； constitute the different
kinds of syllogisms。 These are just threefold… analogously with all
judgements； in so far as they differ in the mode of expressing the
relation of a cognition in the understanding… namely； categorical；
hypothetical； and disjunctive。
When as often happens； the conclusion is a judgement which may
follow from other given judgements； through which a perfectly
different object is cogitated； I endeavour to discover in the
understanding whether the assertion in this conclusion does not
stand under certain conditions according to a general rule。 If I
find such a condition； and if the object mentioned in the conclusion
can be subsumed under the given condition； then this conclusion
follows from a rule which is also valid for other objects of
cognition。 From this we see that reason endeavours to subject the
great variety of the cognitions of the understanding to the smallest
possible number of principles （general conditions）； and thus to
produce in it the highest unity。
C。 OF THE PURE USE OF REASON。
Can we isolate reason； and； if so； is it in this case a peculiar
source of conceptions and judgements which spring from it alone； and
through which it can be applied to objects； or is it merely a
subordinate faculty； whose duty it is to give a certain form to
given cognitions… a form which is called logical； and through which
the cognitions of the understanding are subordinated to each other；
and lower rules to higher （those； to wit； whose condition comprises in
its sphere the condition of the others）； in so far as this can be done
by comparison？ This is the question which we have at present to
answer。 Manifold variety of rules and unity of principles is a
requirement of reason； for the purpose of bringing the understanding
into complete accordance with itself； just as understanding subjects
the manifold content of intuition to conceptions； and thereby
introduces connection into it。 But this principle prescribes no law to
objects； and does not contain any ground of the possibility of
cognizing or of determining them as such； but is merely a subjective
law for the proper arrangement of the content of the understanding。
The purpose of this law is； by a comparison of the conceptions of
the understanding； to reduce them to the smallest possible number；
although； at the same time； it does not justify us in demanding from
objects themselves such a uniformity as might contribute to the
convenience and the enlargement of the sphere of the understanding； or
in expecting that it will itself thus receive from them objective
validity。 In one word； the question is： 〃does reason in itself； that
is； does pure reason contain a priori synthetical principles and
rules； and what are those principles？〃
The formal and logical procedure of reason in syllogisms gives us
sufficient information in regard to the ground on which the
transcendental principle of reason in its pure synthetical cognition
will rest。
1。 Reason； as observed in the syllogistic process； is not applicable
to intuitions； for the purpose of subjecting them to rules… for this
is the province of the understanding with its categories… but to
conceptions and judgements。 If pure reason does apply to objects and
the intuition of them； it