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representative government-第79章

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whatever pledges might be given of teaching it only to those who spontaneously sought it; no amount of evidence would ever persuade the parents that improper means were not used to make their children Christians; or at all events; outcasts from Hindooism。 If they could; in the end; be convinced of the contrary; it would only be by the entire failure of the schools; so conducted; to make any converts。 If the teaching had the smallest effect in promoting its object it would compromise not only the utility and even existence of the government education; but perhaps the safety of the government itself。 An English Protestant would not be easily induced; by disclaimers of proselytism; to place his children in a Roman Catholic seminary: Irish Catholics will not send their children to schools in which they can be made Protestants: and we expect that Hindoos; who believe that the privileges of Hindooism can be forfeited by a merely physical act; will expose theirs to the danger of being made Christians!   Such is one of the modes in which the opinion of the dominant country tends to act more injuriously than beneficially on the conduct of its deputed governors。 In other respects; its interference is likely to be oftenest exercised where it will be most pertinaciously demanded; and that is on behalf of some interest of the English settlers。 English settlers have friends at home; have organs; have access to the public; they have a common language and common ideas with their countrymen: any complaint by an Englishman is more sympathetically heard; even if no unjust preference is intentionally accorded to it。 Now; if there be a fact to which all experience testifies; it is that when a country holds another in subjection; the individuals of the ruling people who resort to the foreign country to make their fortunes are of all others those who most need to be held under powerful restraint。 They are always one of the chief difficulties of the government。 Armed with the prestige and filled with the scornful overbearingness of the conquering nation; they have the feelings inspired by absolute power without its sense of responsibility。   Among a people like that India the utmost efforts of the public authorities are not enough for the effectual protection of the weak against the strong; and of all the strong; the European settlers are the strongest。 Wherever the demoralising effect of the situation is not in a most remarkable degree corrected by the personal character of the individual; they think the people of the country mere dirt under their feet: it seems to them monstrous that any rights of the natives should stand in the way of their smallest pretensions: the simplest act of protection to the inhabitants against any act of power on their part which they may consider useful to their commercial objects; they denounce; and sincerely regard; as an injury。 So natural is this state of feeling in a situation like theirs that even under the discouragement which it has hitherto met with from the ruling authorities it is impossible that more or less of the spirit should not perpetually break out。 The Government; itself free from this spirit; is never able sufficiently to keep it down in the young and raw even of its own civil and military officers; over whom it has so much more control than over the independent residents。   As it is with the English in India; so; according to trustworthy testimony; it is with the French in Algiers; so with the Americans in the countries conquered from Mexico; so it seems to be with the Europeans in China; and already even in Japan: there is no necessity to recall how it was with the Spaniards in South America。 In all these cases; the government to which these private adventurers are subject is better than they; and does the most it can to protect the natives against them。 Even the Spanish Government did this; sincerely and earnestly; though ineffectually; as is known to every reader of Mr。 Helps' instructive history。 Had the Spanish Government been directly accountable to Spanish opinion we may question if it would have made the attempt: for the Spaniards; doubtless; would have taken part with their Christian friends and relations rather than with Pagans。 The settlers; not the natives; have the ear of the public at home; it is they whose representations are likely to pass for truth; because they alone have both the means and the motive to press them perseveringly upon the inattentive and uninterested public mind。 The distrustful criticism with which Englishmen; more than any other people; are in the habit of scanning the conduct of their country towards foreigners; they usually reserve for the proceedings of the public authorities。 In all questions between a government and an individual the presumption in every Englishman's mind is that the government is in the wrong。 And when the resident English bring the batteries of English political action to bear upon any of the bulwarks erected to protect the natives against their encroachments; the executive; with their real but faint velleities of something better; generally find it safer to their parliamentary interest; and at any rate less troublesome; to give up the disputed position than to defend it。   What makes matters worse is that when the public mind is invoked (as; to its credit; the English mind is extremely open to be) in the name of justice and philanthropy; in behalf of the subject community or race; there is the same probability of its missing the mark。 For in the subject community also there are oppressors and oppressed; powerful individuals or classes; and slaves prostrate before them; and it is the former; not the latter; who have the means of access to the English public。 A tyrant or sensualist who has been deprived of the power he had abused; and; instead of punishment; is supported in as great wealth and splendour as he ever enjoyed; a knot of privileged landholders; who demand that the State should relinquish to them its reserved right to a rent from their lands; or who resent as a wrong any attempt to protect the masses from their extortion; these have no difficulty in procuring interested or sentimental advocacy in the British Parliament and press。 The silent myriads obtain none。   The preceding observations exemplify the operation of a principle… which might be called an obvious one; were it not that scarcely anybody seems to be aware of it… that; while responsibility to the governed is the greatest of all securities for good government; responsibility to somebody else not only has no such tendency; but is as likely to produce evil as good。 The responsibility of the British rulers of India to the British nation is chiefly useful because; when any acts of the government are called in question; it ensures publicity and discussion; the utility of which does not require that the public at large should comprehend the point at issue; provided there are any individuals among them who do; for; a merely moral responsibility not being responsibility to the collective people; but to every separate person among them who forms a judgment; opinions may be weighed as well as counted; and the approbation or disapprobation of one person well versed in the subject may ou
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