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1857； Letters to F。 Vettori； see A。 Ridolfi； Pensieri intorno allo scopo di N。
Machiavelli nel libro Il Principe； etc。； D。 Ferrara； The Private
Correspondence of Nicolo Machiavelli； 1929。
DEDICATION
To the Magnificent Lorenzo Di Piero De' Medici：
Those who strive to obtain the good graces of a prince are
accustomed to come before him with such things as they hold most
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precious； or in which they see him take most delight； whence one often
sees horses； arms； cloth of gold； precious stones； and similar ornaments
presented to princes； worthy of their greatness。
Desiring therefore to present myself to your Magnificence with some
testimony of my devotion towards you； I have not found among my
possessions anything which I hold more dear than； or value so much as；
the knowledge of the actions of great men； acquired by long experience in
contemporary affairs； and a continual study of antiquity； which； having
reflected upon it with great and prolonged diligence； I now send； digested
into a little volume； to your Magnificence。
And although I may consider this work unworthy of your
countenance； nevertheless I trust much to your benignity that it may be
acceptable； seeing that it is not possible for me to make a better gift than to
offer you the opportunity of understanding in the shortest time all that I
have learnt in so many years； and with so many troubles and dangers；
which work I have not embellished with swelling or magnificent words；
nor stuffed with rounded periods； nor with any extrinsic allurements or
adornments whatever； with which so many are accustomed to embellish
their works； for I have wished either that no honour should be given it； or
else that the truth of the matter and the weightiness of the theme shall
make it acceptable。
Nor do I hold with those who regard it as a presumption if a man of
low and humble condition dare to discuss and settle the concerns of
princes； because； just as those who draw landscapes place themselves
below in the plain to contemplate the nature of the mountains and of lofty
places； and in order to contemplate the plains place themselves upon high
mountains； even so to understand the nature of the people it needs to be a
prince； and to understand that of princes it needs to be of the people。
Take then； your Magnificence； this little gift in the spirit in which I
send it； wherein； if it be diligently read and considered by you； you will
learn my extreme desire that you should attain that greatness which
fortune and your other attributes promise。 And if your Magnificence from
the summit of your greatness will sometimes turn your eyes to these lower
regions； you will see how unmeritedly I suffer a great and continued
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malignity of fortune。
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CHAPTER I
HOW MANY KINDS OF PRINCIPALITIES THERE ARE； AND
BY WHAT MEANS THEY ARE ACQUIRED
All states； all powers； that have held and hold rule over men have been
and are either republics or principalities。
Principalities are either hereditary； in which the family has been long
established； or they are new。
The new are either entirely new； as was Milan to Francesco Sforza； or
they are； as it were； members annexed to the hereditary state of the prince
who has acquired them； as was the kingdom of Naples to that of the King
of Spain。
Such dominions thus acquired are either accustomed to live under a
prince； or to live in freedom； and are acquired either by the arms of the
prince himself； or of others； or else by fortune or by ability。
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CHAPTER II
CONCERNING HEREDITARY PRINCIPALITIES
I will leave out all discussion on republics； inasmuch as in another
place I have written of them at length； and will address myself only to
principalities。 In doing so I will keep to the order indicated above； and
discuss how such principalities are to be ruled and preserved。
I say at once there are fewer difficulties in holding hereditary states；
and those long accustomed to the family of their prince； than new ones； for
it is sufficient only not to transgress the customs of his ancestors； and to
deal prudently with circumstances as they arise； for a prince of average
powers to maintain himself in his state； unless he be deprived of it by
some extraordinary and excessive force； and if he should be so deprived of
it； whenever anything sinister happens to the usurper； he will regain it。
We have in Italy； for example； the Duke of Ferrara； who could not
have withstood the attacks of the Venetians in '84； nor those of Pope Julius
in '10； unless he had been long established in his dominions。 For the
hereditary prince has less cause and less necessity to offend； hence it
happens that he will be more loved； and unless extraordinary vices cause
him to be hated； it is reasonable to expect that his subjects will be
naturally well disposed towards him； and in the antiquity and duration of
his rule the memories and motives that make for change are lost； for one
change always leaves the toothing for another。
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CHAPTER III
CONCERNING MIXED PRINCIPALITIES
But the difficulties occur in a new principality。 And firstly； if it be not
entirely new； but is； as it were； a member of a state which； taken
collectively； may be called composite； the changes arise chiefly from an
inherent difficulty which there is in all new principalities； for