vill3-第19章

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k　is　paid　for　it　may　receive　the　name　of　penyearth。（20*）　The　Gloucester　survey　speaks　of　the　extra　cultivation　of　an　acre　called　Radacre；　and　the　Ely　surveys　of　an　extra　rood　'de　Rytnesse。'（21*）　I　do　not　venture　to　suggest　an　explanation　for　these　last　terms；　and　I　need　not　say　that　it　would　be　easy　to　collect　a　much　greater　number　of　such　terms　in　local　use　from　the　manorial　records。　It　is　sufficient　for　my　purpose　to　mark　the　chief　distinctions。　　　　　All　the　other　labour…services　are　performed　more　or　less　on　the　same　system　as　the　ploughings；　with　the　fundamental　difference　that　the　number　of　men　engaged　in　them　has　to　be　reckoned　with　more　than　the　number　of　beasts。　The　extents　are　especially　full　of　details　in　their　descriptions　of　reaping　or　mowing　corn　and　grass；　the　process　of　thrashing　is　also　mentioned；　though　more　rarely。　In　the　case　of　meadows　（mederipe）　sometimes　their　dimensions　are　made　the　basis　of　calculation；　sometimes　the　number　of　work…days　which　have　to　be　employed　in　order　to　cut　the　grass。（22*）　As　to　the　corn…harvest；　every　holding　has　its　number　of　acres　assigned　to　it；（23*）　or　else　it　is　enacted　that　every　house　has　to　send　so　many　workmen　during　a　certain　number　of　days。（24*）　If　it　is　said　that　such　and　such　a　tenant　is　bound　to　work　on　the　lord's　field　at　harvest…time　with　twenty…eight　men；　it　does　not　mean　that　he　has　to　send　out　such　a　number　every　time；　but　that　he　has　to　furnish　an　amount　of　work　equivalent　to　that　performed　by　twenty…eight　grown…up　labourers　in　one；　day。　It　may　be　divided　into　fourteen　days'　work　of　two　labourers；　or　into　seven　days'　of　four；　and　so　forth。　　　　　Harvest…time　is　the　most　pressing　time　in　the　year　for　rural　work；　it　is　especially　important　not　to　lose　the　opportunity　presented　by　fine　weather　to　mow　and　garner　in　the　crop　before　rain；　and　there　may　be　only　a　few　days　of　such　weather　at　command。　For　this　reason　extra　labour　is　chiefly　required　during　this　season；　and　the　village　people　are　frequently　asked　to　give　extra　help　in　connexion　with　it。　The　system　of　precariae　is　even　more　developed　on　these　occasions　than　in　the　case　of　ploughing。（25*）　All　the　forces　of　the　village　are　strained　to　go　through　the　task；　all　the　houses　which　open　on　the　street　send　their　labourers；（26*）　and　in　most　cases　the　entire　population　has　to　join　in　the　work；　with　the　exception　of　the　housewives　and　perhaps　of　the　marriageable　daughters。（27*）　The　landlord　treats　the　harvesters　to　food　in　order　to　make　these　exertions　somewhat　more　palatable　to　them。（28*）　These　'love…meals'　are　graduated　according　to　a　set　system。　If　the　men　are　called　out　only　once；　they　get　their　food　and　no　drink：　these　are　'dry　requests。'　If　they　are　made　to　go　a　second　time；　ale　is　served　to　them　（precariae　cerevisiae）。　The　mutual　obligations　of　lords　and　tenantry　are　settled　very　minutely；（29*）　the　latter　may　have　to　mow　a　particular　acre　with　the　object　of　saying　'thanks'　for　some　concession　on　the　part　of　the　lord。（30*）　The　same　kind　of　'requests'　are　in　use　for　mowing　the　meadows。　The　duties　of　the　peasants　differ　a　great　deal　according　to　size　of　their　holdings　and　their　social　position。　The　greater　number　have　of　course　to　work　with　scythe　and　sickle；　but　the　more　wealthy　are　called　upon　to　supervise　the　rest；　to　ride　about　with　rods　in　their　hands。（31*）　On　the　other　hand；　a　poor　woman　holds　a　messuage；　and　need　do　no　more　than　carry　water　to　the　mowers。（32*）　　　　　A　very　important　item　in　the　work　necessary　for　medieval　husbandry　was　the　business　of　carrying　produce　from　one　part　of　the　country　to　the　other。　The　manors　of　a　great　lord　were　usually　dispersed　in　several　counties；　and　even　in　the　case　of　small　landowners　it　was　not　very　easy　to　arrange　a　regular　communication　with　the　market。　The　obligation　to　provide　horses　and　carts　gains　in　importance　accordingly。（33*）　These　averagia　are　laid　out　for　short　and　long　distances；　and　the　peasants　have　to　take　their　turn　at　them　one　after　the　other。（34*）　They　were　bound　to　carry　corn　to　London　or　Bristol　according　to　the　size　of　their　holdings。（35*）　Special　importance　was　attached　to　the　carriage　of　the　'farm；'　that　is　of　the　products　designed　for　the　consumption　of　the　lord。（36*）　In　some　surveys　we　find　the　qualification　that　the　peasants　are　not　obliged　to　carry　anything　but　such　material　as　may　be　put　on　the　fire；　i。e。　used　in　the　kitchen。（37*）　In　the　manor　itself　there　are　many　carriage　duties　to　be　performed：　carts　are　required　for　the　grain；　or　for　spreading　the　dung。　The　work　of　loading　and　of　following　the　carts　is　imposed　on　those　who　are　not　able　to　provide　the　implements。（38*）　And　alongside　of　the　duties　of　carriage　by　horses　or　oxen　we　find　the　corresponding　manual　duty。　The　'averagium　super　dorsum　suum'　falls　on　the　small　tenant　who　does　not　own　either　horses　or　oxen。（39*）　Such　small　people　are　also　made　to　drive　the　swine　or　geese　to　the　market。（40*）　The　lord　and　his　chief　stewards　must　look　sharp　after　the　distribution　of　these　duties　in　order　to　prevent　wealthy　tenants　from　being　put　to　light　duties　through　the　protection　of　the　bailiffs；　who　may　be　bribed　for　the　purpose。（41*）　　　　　It　would　be　hard　to　imagine　any　kind　of　agricultural　work　which　is　not　imposed　on　the　peasantry　in　these　manorial　surveys。　The　tenants　mind　the　lord's　ploughs；　construct　houses　and　booths　for　him；　repair　hedges　and　dykes；　work　in　vineyards；　wash　and　shear　the　sheep；（42*）　etc。　In　some　cases　the　labour　has　to　be　undertaken　by　them；　not　in　the　regular　run　of　their　services；　but　by　special　agreement；　as　it　were；　in　consideration　of　some　particular　right　or　permission　granted　to　them。（43*）　Also　it　happens　from　time　to　time　that　the　people　of　one　manor　have　to　perform　some　services　in　another；　for　instance；　because　they　use　pasture　in　that　other　manor。（44*）　Such　'forinsec'　labour　may　be　due　even　from　tenants　of　a　strange　lord。　By　the　side　of　purely　agricultural　duties　we　find　such　as　are　required　by　the　political　or　judicial　organisation　of　the　manor。　Peasants　are　bound　to　guard　and　hang　thieves；　to　carry　summonses　and　orders；　to　serve　at　the　courts　of　the　superior　lord　and　of　the　king。（45*）　　　　　In　consequence　of　the　great　variety　of　these　labour…services　they　had　to　be　reduced　to　some　chief　and　plain　subdivisions　for　purposes　of　a　general　oversight。　Three　main　classes　are　very　noticeable　notwithstanding　all　variety　the　araturae；　averagia；　and　ianuoperationes。　These　last　are　also　called　hand…dainae　or　daywerke；（46*）。　and　the　records　give　sometimes　the　exact　valuation　of　the　work　to　be　performed　during　a　day　in　every　kind　of　labour。　Sometimes　all　the　different　classes　are　added　up　under　one　head　for　a　general　reckoning；　and　without　any　distinction　as　to　work　performed　by　hand　or　with　the　help　of　horse　or　ox；　Among　the　manors　of　Christ　Church；　Canterbury；（47*）　for　instance；　we　find　at　Borle　'1480　work…days　divided　into　44　weeks　of　labour　from　the　virgaters；　88　from　the　cotters；　320　from　the　tofters　holding　small　tenements　in　the　fields。'　In　Bockyng　the　work…days　of　52　weeks　are　reckoned　to　be　3222。　It　must　be　added；　that　when　such　a　general　summing　up　appears；　it　is　mostly　to　be　taken　as　an　indication　that　the　old　system　based　on　labour　in　kind　is　more　or　less　shaken。　The　aim　of　thro