the fathers of the constitution-第40章

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of　the　United　States；〃　is　one　of　the　standard　works；　but　does　not　retain　quite　the　same　hold　that　Bancroft's　volumes　do。　Of　the　special　works　more　nearly　covering　the　same　field　as　the　present　volume；　A。　C。　McLaughlin's　〃The　Confederation　and　the　Constitution〃　（1905）；　in　the　〃American　Nation；〃　is　distinctly　the　best。　John　Fiske's　〃Critical　Period　of　American　History〃　（1888）；　written　with　the　clearness　of　presentation　and　charm　of　style　which　are　characteristic　of　the　author；　is　an　interesting　and　readable　comprehensive　account。　Richard　Frothingham's　〃Rise　of　the　Republic　of　the　United　States〃　（1872；　6th　ed。1895）；　tracing　the　two　ideas　of　local　self…government　and　of　union；　begins　with　early　colonial　times　and　culminates　in　the　Constitution。　The　treaty　of　peace　opens　up　the　whole　field　of　diplomatic　history；　which　has　a　bibliography　of　its　own。　But　E。　S。　Corwin's　〃French　Policy　and　the　American　Alliance〃　（1916）　should　be　mentioned　as　the　latest　and　best　work；　although　it　lays　more　stress　upon　the　phases　indicated　by　the　title。　C。　H。　Van　Tyne's　〃Loyalists　in　the　American　Revolution〃　（1902）　remains　the　standard　work　on　this　subject；　but　special　studies　are　appearing　from　time　to　time　which　are　changing　our　point　of　view。　The　following　books　on　economic　and　industrial　aspects　are　not　for　popular　reading；　but　are　rather　for　reference：　E。　R。　Johnson　et　al。；　〃History　of　the　Domestic　and　Foreign　Commerce　of　the　United　States〃　2　vols。　（1915）；　V。　S。　Clark；　〃History　of　the　Manufactures　of　the　United　States；　1607…1860〃　（1916）。　G。　S。　Callender　has　written　short　introductions　to　the　various　chapters　of　his　〃Selections　from　the　Economic　History　of　the　United　States〃　（1909）；　which　are　brilliant　interpretations　of　great　value。　P。　J。　Treat's　〃The　National　Land　System；　1785…1820〃　（1910）；　gives　the　most　satisfactory　account　of　the　subject　indicated　by　the　title。　Of　entirely　different　character　is　Theodore　Roosevelt's　〃Winning　of　the　West；〃　4　vols。　（1889…96；　published　subsequently　in　various　editions）；　which　is　both　scholarly　and　of　fascinating　interest　on　the　subject　of　the　early　expansion　into　the　West。　On　the　most　important　subject　of　all；　the　formation　of　the　Constitution；　the　material　ordinarily　wanted　can　be　found　in　Max　Farrand's　〃Records　of　the　Federal　Convention；〃　3　vols。　（1910）；　and　the　author　has　summarized　the　results　of　his　studies　in　〃The　Framing　of　the　Constitution〃　（1913）。　C。　A。　Beard's　〃An　Economic　Interpretation　of　the　Constitution　of　the　United　States〃　（1913）　gives　some　interesting　and　valuable　facts　regarding　economic　aspects　of　the　formation　of　the　Constitution；　and　particularly　on　the　subject　of　investments　in　government　securities。　There　is　no　satisfactory　account　of　the　adoption　of　the　Constitution；　but　the　debates　in　many　of　the　State　conventions　are　included　in　Jonathan　Elliot's　〃Debates　on　the　Federal　Constitution；〃　5　vols。　（1836…1845；　subsequently　reprinted　in　many　editions）。　A　few　special　works　upon　the　adoption　of　the　Constitution　in　the　individual　States　may　be　mentioned：　H。　B。　Grigsby's　〃History　of　the　Virginia　Federal　Convention　of　1788；〃　Virginia　Historical　Society　Collections；　N。　S。；　IX　and　X（1890…91）；　McMaster　and　Stone's　〃Pennsylvania　and　the　Federal　Constitution；　1787…88〃　（1888）；　S。　B。　Harding's　〃Contest　over　the　Ratification　of　the　Federal　Constitution　in　the　State　of　Massachusetts〃（1896）；　O。　G。　Libby's　〃The　Geographical　Distribution　of　the　Vote　of　the　Thirteen　States　on　the　Federal　Constitution；　1787…1788〃　（University　of　Wisconsin；　〃Bulletin；　Economics；　Political　Science；　and　History　Series；〃　I；　No。　1；1894）。　Contemporary　differences　of　opinion　upon　the　Constitution　will　be　found　in　P。　L。　Ford's　〃Pamphlets　on　the　Constitution；〃　etc。　（1888）。　The　most　valuable　commentary　on　the　Constitution；　〃The　Federalist；〃　is　to　be　found　in　several　editions　of　which　the　more　recent　are　by　E。　H。　Scott　（1895）　and　P。　L。　Ford　（1898）。　A　large　part　of　the　so…called　original　documents　or　first…hand　sources　of　information　is　to　be　found　in　letters　and　private　papers　of　prominent　men。　For　most　readers　there　is　nothing　better　than　the　〃American　Statesmen　Series；〃　from　which　the　following　might　be　selected：　H。　C。　Lodge's　〃George　Washington　〃（2　vols。；　1889）　and　〃Alexander　Hamilton〃　（1882）；　J。　T。　Morse's　〃Benjamin　Franklin〃　（1889）；　〃John　Adams〃　（1885）；　and　〃Thomas　Jefferson〃　（1883）；　Theodore　Roosevelt's　〃Gouverneur　Morris；〃　（1888）。　Other　readable　volumes　are　P。　L。　Ford's　〃The　True　George　Washington〃　（1896）　and　〃The　Many…sided　Franklin〃　（1899）；　F。　S。　Oliver's　〃Alexander　Hamilton；　An　Essay　on　American　Union〃　（New　ed。　London；　1907）；　W。　G。　Brown's　〃Life　of　Oliver　Ellsworth〃（1905）；　A。　McL。　Hamilton's　〃The　Intimate　Life　of　Alexander　Hamilton〃　（1910）；　James　Schouler's　〃Thomas　Jefferson〃　（1893）；　Gaillard　Hunt's　〃Life　of　James　Madison〃　（1902）。　Of　the　collections　of　documents　it　may　be　worth　while　to　notice：　〃Documentary　History　of　the　Constitution　of　the　United　States；〃　5　vols。　（1894…1905）；　B。　P。　Poore's　〃Federal　and　State　Constitutions；　Colonial　Charters；　etc。；〃　2　vols。　（1877）；　F。　N。　Thorpe's　〃The　Federal　and　State　Constitutions；　Colonial　Charters；　and　other　Organic　Laws〃；　7　vols。　（1909）；　and　the　〃Journals　of　the　Continental　Congress〃　（1904…1914）；　edited　from　the　original　records　in　the　Library　of　Congress　by　Worthington　C。　Ford　and　Gaillard　Hunt；　of　which　23　volumes　have　appeared；　bringing　the　records　down　through　1782。


NOTES　ON　THE　PORTRAITS　OF　MEMBERS　OF　THE　FEDERAL　CONVENTION　WHO　SIGNED　THE　CONSTITUTION　BY　VICTOR　HUGO　PALTSITS　Forty　signatures　were　attached　to　the　Constitution　of　the　United　States　in　the　Federal　Convention　on　September　17；　1787；　by　thirty…nine　delegates；　representing　twelve　States；　and　the　secretary　of　the　Convention；　as　the　attesting　officer。　George　Washington；　who　signed　as　president　of　the　Convention；　was　a　delegate　from　Virginia。　There　are　reproduced　in　this　volume　the　effigies　or　pretended　effigies　of　thirty…seven　of　them；　from　etchings　by　Albert　Rosenthal　in　an　extra…illustrated　volume　devoted　to　the　Members　of　the　Federal　Convention；　1787；　in　the　Thomas　Addis　Emmet　Collection　owned　by　the　New　York　Public　Library。　The　autographs　are　from　the　same　source。　This　series　presents　no　portraits　of　David　Brearley　of　New　Jersey；　Thomas　Fitzsimons　of　Pennsylvania；　and　Jacob　Broom　of　Delaware。　With　respect　to　the　others　we　give　such　information　as　Albert　Rosenthal；　the　Philadelphia　artist；　inscribed　on　each　portrait　and　also　such　other　data　as　have　been　unearthed　from　the　correspondence　of　Dr。　Emmet；　preserved　in　the　Manuscript　Division　of　the　New　York　Public　Library。　Considerable　controversy　has　raged；　on　and　off；　but　especially　of　late；　in　regard　to　the　painted　and　etched　portraits　which　Rosenthal　produced　nearly　a　generation　ago；　and　in　particular　respecting　portraits　which　were　hung　in　Independence　Hall；　Philadelphia。　Statements　in　the　case　by　Rosenthal　and　by　the　late　Charles　Henry　Hart　are　in　the　〃American　Art　News；〃　March　3；　1917；　p。　4。　See　also　Hart's　paper　on　bogus　American　portraits　in　〃Annual　Report；　1913；〃　of　the　American　Historical　Association。　To　these　may　be　added　some　interesting　facts　which　are　not　sufficiently　known　by　American　students。　In　the　ninth　decade　of　the　nineteenth　century；　principally　from　1885　to　18