the fathers of the constitution-第29章

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people。　If　they　wished　to　do　so；　they　could　make　it　win　out　in　spite　of　obstacles。　In　other　words；　the　new　government　would　succeed　exactly　to　the　extent　to　which　the　people　stood　back　of　it。　This　was　the　critical　moment　when　the　slowly　growing　prosperity；　described　at　length　and　emphasized　in　the　previous　chapters；　produced　one　of　its　most　important　effects。　In　June；　1788；　Washington　wrote　to　Lafayette：　〃I　expect；　that　many　blessings　will　be　attributed　to　our　new　government；　which　are　now　taking　their　rise　from　that　industry　and　frugality　into　the　practice　of　which　the　people　have　been　forced　from　necessity。　I　really　believe　that　there　never　was　so　much　labour　and　economy　to　be　found　before　in　the　country　as　at　the　present　moment。　If　they　persist　in　the　habits　they　are　acquiring；　the　good　effects　will　soon　be　distinguishable。　When　the　people　shall　find　themselves　secure　under　an　energetic　government；　when　foreign　Nations　shall　be　disposed　to　give　us　equal　advantages　in　commerce　from　dread　of　retaliation；　when　the　burdens　of　the　war　shall　be　in　a　manner　done　away　by　the　sale　of　western　lands；　when　the　seeds　of　happiness　which　are　sown　here　shall　begin　to　expand　themselves；　and　when　every　one　（under　his　own　vine　and　fig…tree）　shall　begin　to　taste　the　fruits　of　freedomthen　all　these　blessings　（for　all　these　blessings　will　come）　will　be　referred　to　the　fostering　influence　of　the　new　government。　Whereas　many　causes　will　have　conspired　to　produce　them。〃　A　few　months　later　a　similar　opinion　was　expressed　by　Crevecoeur　in　writing　to　Jefferson：　〃Never　was　so　great　a　change　in　the　opinion　of　the　best　people　as　has　happened　these　five　years；　almost　everybody　feels　the　necessity　of　coercive　laws；　government；　union；　industry；　and　labor　。　。　。　。　The　exports　of　this　country　have　singularly　increased　within　these　two　years；　and　the　imports　have　decreased　in　proportion。〃　The　new　Federal　Government　was　fortunate　in　beginning　its　career　at　the　moment　when　returning　prosperity　was　predisposing　the　people　to　think　well　of　it。　The　inauguration　of　Washington　marked　the　opening　of　a　new　era　for　the　people　of　the　United　States　of　America。

APPENDIX*　*The　documents　in　this　Appendix　follow　the　text　of　the　〃Revised　Statutes　of　the　United　States〃；　Second　Edition；　1878。　THE　DECLARATION　OF　INDEPENDENCE1776　IN　CONGRESS；　JULY　4；　1776　The　unanimous　Declaration　of　the　thirteen　united　States　of　America　When　in　the　Course　of　human　events；　it　becomes　necessary　for　one　people　to　dissolve　the　political　bands　which　have　connected　them　with　another；　and　to　assume　among　the　Powers　of　the　earth；　the　separate　and　equal　station　to　which　the　Laws　of　Nature　and　of　Nature's　God　entitle　them；　a　decent　respect　to　the　opinions　of　mankind　requires　that　they　should　declare　the　causes　which　impel　them　to　the　separation。　We　hold　these　truths　to　be　self…evident；　that　all　men　are　created　equal；　that　they　are　endowed　by　their　Creator　with　certain　unalienable　Rights；　that　among　these　are　Life；　Liberty　and　the　pursuit　of　Happiness。　That　to　secure　these　rights；　Governments　are　instituted　among　Men；　deriving　their　just　powers　from　the　consent　of　the　governed；　That　whenever　any　Form　of　Government　becomes　destructive　of　these　ends；　it　is　the　Right　of　the　People　to　alter　or　to　abolish　it；　and　to　institute　new　Government；　laying　its　foundation　on　such　principles　and　organizing　its　powers　in　such　form；　as　to　them　shall　seem　most　likely　to　effect　their　Safety　and　Happiness。　Prudence；　indeed；　will　dictate　that　Governments　long　established　should　not　be　changed　for　light　and　transient　causes；　and　accordingly　all　experience　hath　shown；　that　mankind　are　more　disposed　to　suffer；　while　evils　are　sufferable；　than　to　right　themselves　by　abolishing　the　forms　to　which　they　are　accustomed。　But　when　a　long　train　of　abuses　and　usurpations；　pursuing　invariably　the　same　Object　evinces　a　design　to　reduce　them　under　absolute　Despotism；　it　is　their　right；　it　is　their　duty；　to　throw　off　such　Government；　and　to　provide　new　Guards　for　their　future　security。Such　has　been　the　patient　sufferance　of　these　Colonies；　and　such　is　now　the　necessity　which　constrains　them　to　alter　their　former　Systems　of　Government。　The　history　of　the　present　King　of　Great　Britain　is　a　history　of　repeated　injuries　and　usurpations；　all　having　in　direct　object　the　establishment　of　an　absolute　Tyranny　over　these　States。　To　prove　this；　let　Facts　be　submitted　to　a　candid　world。　He　has　refused　his　Assent　to　Laws；　the　most　wholesome　and　necessary　for　the　public　good。　He　has　forbidden　his　Governors　to　pass　Laws　of　immediate　and　pressing　importance；　unless　suspended　in　their　operation　till　his　Assent　should　be　obtained；　and　when　so　suspended；　he　has　utterly　neglected　to　attend　to　them。　He　has　refused　to　pass　other　Laws　for　the　accommodation　of　large　districts　of　people；　unless　those　people　would　relinquish　the　right　of　Representation　in　the　Legislature；　a　right　inestimable　to　them　and　formidable　to　tyrants　only。　He　has　called　together　legislative　bodies　at　places　unusual；　uncomfortable；　and　distant　from　the　depository　of　their　Public　Records；　for　the　sole　purpose　of　fatiguing　them　into　compliance　with　his　measures。　He　has　dissolved　Representative　Houses　repeatedly；　for　opposing　with　manly　firmness　his　invasions　on　the　rights　of　the　people。　He　has　refused　for　a　long　time；　after　such　dissolutions；　to　cause　others　to　be　elected；　whereby　the　Legislative　Powers；　incapable　of　Annihilation；　have　returned　to　the　People　at　large　for　their　exercise；　the　State　remaining　in　the　mean　time　exposed　to　all　the　dangers　of　invasion　from　without；　and　convulsions　within。　He　has　endeavoured　to　prevent　the　population　of　these　States；　for　that　purpose　obstructing　the　Laws　for　Naturalization　of　Foreigners；　refusing　to　pass　others　to　encourage　their　migration　hither；　and　raising　the　conditions　of　new　Appropriations　of　Lands。　He　has　obstructed　the　Administration　of　Justice；　by　refusing　his　Assent　to　Laws　for　establishing　Judiciary　Powers。　He　has　made　Judges　dependent　on　his　Will　alone；　for　the　tenure　of　their　offices；　and　the　amount　and　payment　of　their　salaries。　He　has　erected　a　multitude　of　New　Offices；　and　sent　hither　swarms　of　Officers　to　harrass　our　People；　and　eat　out　their　substance。　He　has　kept　among　us；　in　times　of　peace；　Standing　Armies　without　the　Consent　of　our　legislature。　He　has　affected　to　render　the　Military　independent　of　and　superior　to　the　Civil　Power。　He　has　combined　with　others　to　subject　us　to　a　jurisdiction　foreign　to　our　constitution；　and　unacknowledged　by　our　laws；　giving　his　Assent　to　their　acts　of　pretended　Legislation：　For　quartering　large　bodies　of　armed　troops　among　us：　For　protecting　them；　by　a　mock　Trial；　from　Punishment　for　any　Murders　which　they　should　commit　on　the　Inhabitants　of　these　States：　For　cutting　off　our　Trade　with　all　parts　of　the　world：　For　imposing　taxes　on　us　without　our　Consent：　For　depriving　us　in　many　cases；　of　the　benefits　of　Trial　by　Jury：　For　transporting　us　beyond　Seas　to　be　tried　for　pretended　offences：　For　abolishing　the　free　System　of　English　Laws　in　a　neighbouring　Province；　establishing　therein　an　Arbitrary　government；　and　enlarging　its　Boundaries　so　as　to　render　it　at　once　an　example　and　fit　instrument　for　introducing