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n deserve to be examined。 The peculiar speculations of Fourier and his sect concerning cosmogony； geology； natural history； physiology； and psychology； I leave to the attention of those who would think it their duty to seriously refute the fables of Blue Beard and the Ass's Skin。
It is rumored that the Fourierists think of leaving France and going to the new world to found a phalanstery。 When a house threatens to fall； the rats scamper away； that is because they are rats。 Men do better； they rebuild it。 Not long since； the St。 Simonians； despairing of their country which paid no heed to them； proudly shook the dust from their feet； and started for the Orient to fight the battle of free woman。 Pride； wilfulness； mad selfishness！ True charity； like true faith； does not worry； never despairs； it seeks neither its own glory； nor its interest； nor empire； it does every thing for all； speaks with indulgence to the reason and the will； and desires to conquer only by persuasion and sacrifice。 Remain in France； Fourierists； if the progress of humanity is the only thing which you have at heart！ There is more to do here than in the new world。 Otherwise； go！ you are nothing but liars and hypocrites！
The foregoing statement by no means embraces all the political elements； all the opinions and tendencies； which threaten the future of property； but it ought to satisfy any one who knows how to classify facts； and to deduce their law or the idea which governs them。 Existing society seems abandoned to the demon of falsehood and discord； and it is this sad sight which grieves so deeply many distinguished minds who lived too long in a former age to be able to understand ours。 Now； while the short…sighted spectator begins to despair of humanity； and； distracted and cursing that of which he is ignorant； plunges into scepticism and fatalism； the true observer； certain of the spirit which governs the world； seeks to comprehend and fathom Providence。 The memoir on 〃Property；〃 published last year by the pensioner of the Academy of Besancon； is simply a study of this nature。
The time has come for me to relate the history of this unlucky treatise； which has already caused me so much chagrin； and made me so unpopular； but which was on my part so involuntary and unpremeditated； that I would dare to affirm that there is not an economist； not a philosopher； not a jurist； who is not a hundred times guiltier than I。 There is something so singular in the way in which I was led to attack property； that if； on hearing my sad story； you persist； sir； in your blame； I hope at least you will be forced to pity me。
I never have pretended to be a great politician； far from that； I always have felt for controversies of a political nature the greatest aversion； and if； in my 〃Essay on Property；〃 I have sometimes ridiculed our politicians； believe； sir； that I was governed much less by my pride in the little that I know； than by my vivid consciousness of their ignorance and excessive vanity。 Relying more on Providence than on men； not suspecting at first that politics； like every other science； contained an absolute truth； agreeing equally well with Bossuet and Jean Jacques；I accepted with resignation my share of human misery； and contented myself with praying to God for good deputies； upright ministers； and an honest king。 By taste as well as by discretion and lack of confidence in my powers； I was slowly pursuing some commonplace studies in philology； mingled with a little metaphysics； when I suddenly fell upon the greatest problem that ever has occupied philosophical minds： I mean the criterion of certainty。
Those of my readers who are unacquainted with the philosophical terminology will be glad to be told in a few words what this criterion is； which plays so great a part in my work。
The criterion of certainty； according to the philosophers； will be； when discovered； an infallible method of establishing the truth of an opinion； a judgment； a theory； or a system； in nearly the same way as gold is recognized by the touchstone； as iron approaches the magnet； or； better still； as we verify a mathematical operation by applying the PROOF。 TIME has hitherto served as a sort of criterion for society。 Thus； the primitive menhaving observed that they were not all equal in strength； beauty； and laborjudged； and rightly； that certain ones among them were called by nature to the performance of simple and common functions； but they concluded； and this is where their error lay； that these same individuals of duller intellect； more restricted genius； and weaker personality； were predestined to SERVE the others； that is； to labor while the latter rested； and to have no other will than theirs： and from this idea of a natural subordination among men sprang domesticity； which； voluntarily accepted at first； was imperceptibly converted into horrible slavery。 Time； making this error more palpable； has brought about justice。 Nations have learned at their own cost that the subjection of man to man is a false idea； an erroneous theory； pernicious alike to master and to slave。 And yet such a social system has stood several thousand years； and has been defended by celebrated philosophers； even to…day； under somewhat mitigated forms； sophists of every description uphold and extol it。 But experience is bringing it to an end。
Time； then； is the criterion of societies； thus looked at； history is the demonstration of the errors of humanity by the argument _reductio ad absurdum_。
Now； the criterion sought for by metaphysicians would have the advantage of discriminating at once between the true and the false in every opinion； so that in politics； religion； and morals； for example； the true and the useful being immediately recognized； we should no longer need to await the sorrowful experience of time。 Evidently such a secret would be death to the sophists；that cursed brood； who； under different names； excite the curiosity of nations； and； owing to the difficulty of separating the truth from the error in their artistically woven theories； lead them into fatal ventures； disturb their peace； and fill them with such extraordinary prejudice。
Up to this day； the criterion of certainty remains a mystery； this is owing to the multitude of criteria that have been successively proposed。 Some have taken for an absolute and definite criterion the testimony of the senses； others intuition； these evidence； those argument。 M。 Lamennais affirms that there is no other criterion than universal reason。 Before him； M。 de Bonald thought he had discovered it in language。 Quite recently； M。 Buchez has proposed morality； and； to harmonize them all； the eclectics have said that it was absurd to seek for an absolute criterion； since there were as many criteria as special orders of knowledge。
Of all these hypotheses it may be observed； That the testimony of the senses is not a criterion； because the senses； relating us only to phenomena； furnish us with no ideas； that intuition needs external confirmation or objective certainty； that evidence requires proof； and argument verification； that universal reason has been wrong many a time； that language serves equally well to e