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second treatise of government-第6章

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                        CHAP。  V。

                      Of PROPERTY。

     Sec。 25。  Whether we consider natural reason; which tells  us; that men; being once born; have a right to their  preservation; and consequently to meat and drink; and such other  things as nature affords for their subsistence: or revelation;  which gives us an account of those grants God made of the world  to Adam; and to Noah; and his sons; it is very clear; that  God; as king David says; Psal。 cxv。  16。  has given the  earth to the children of men; given it to mankind in common。  But  this being supposed; it seems to some a very great difficulty;  how any one should ever come to have a property in any thing: I  will not content myself to answer; that if it be difficult to  make out property; upon a supposition that God gave the world  to Adam; and his posterity in common; it is impossible that any  man; but one universal monarch; should have any property upon a  supposition; that God gave the world to Adam; and his heirs in  succession; exclusive of all the rest of his posterity。  But I  shall endeavour to shew; how men might come to have a property  in several parts of that which God gave to mankind in common; and  that without any express compact of all the commoners。      Sec。 26。  God; who hath given the world to men in common;  hath also given them reason to make use of it to the best  advantage of life; and convenience。  The earth; and all that is  therein; is given to men for the support and comfort of their  being。  And tho' all the fruits it naturally produces; and beasts  it feeds; belong to mankind in common; as they are produced by  the spontaneous hand of nature; and no body has originally a  private dominion; exclusive of the rest of mankind; in any of  them; as they are thus in their natural state: yet being given  for the use of men; there must of necessity be a means to  appropriate them some way or other; before they can be of any  use; or at all beneficial to any particular man。  The fruit; or  venison; which nourishes the wild Indian; who knows no  enclosure; and is still a tenant in common; must be his; and so  his; i。e。 a part of him; that another can no longer have any  right to it; before it can do him any good for the support of his  life。      Sec。 27。  Though the earth; and all inferior creatures; be  common to all men; yet every man has a property in his own  person: this no body has any right to but himself。  The  labour of his body; and the work of his hands; we may say;  are properly his。  Whatsoever then he removes out of the state  that nature hath provided; and left it in; he hath mixed his  labour with; and joined to it something that is his own; and  thereby makes it his property。  It being by him removed from  the common state nature hath placed it in; it hath by this  labour something annexed to it; that excludes the common right  of other men: for this labour being the unquestionable property  of the labourer; no man but he can have a right to what that is  once joined to; at least where there is enough; and as good; left  in common for others。      Sec。 28。  He that is nourished by the acorns he picked up  under an oak; or the apples he gathered from the trees in the  wood; has certainly appropriated them to himself。  No body can  deny but the nourishment is his。  I ask then; when did they begin  to be his? when he digested? or when he eat? or when he boiled?  or when he brought them home? or when he picked them up? and it  is plain; if the first gathering made them not his; nothing else  could。  That labour put a distinction between them and common:  that added something to them more than nature; the common mother  of all; had done; and so they became his private right。  And will  any one say; he had no right to those acorns or apples; he thus  appropriated; because he had not the consent of all mankind to  make them his?  Was it a robbery thus to assume to himself what  belonged to all in common?  If such a consent as that was  necessary; man had starved; notwithstanding the plenty God had  given him。  We see in commons; which remain so by compact; that  it is the taking any part of what is common; and removing it out  of the state nature leaves it in; which begins the property;  without which the common is of no use。  And the taking of this or  that part; does not depend on the express consent of all the  commoners。  Thus the grass my horse has bit; the turfs my servant  has cut; and the ore I have digged in any place; where I have a  right to them in common with others; become my property;  without the assignation or consent of any body。  The labour  that was mine; removing them out of that common state they were  in; hath fixed my property in them。      Sec。 29。  By making an explicit consent of every commoner;  necessary to any one's appropriating to himself any part of what  is given in common; children or servants could not cut the meat;  which their father or master had provided for them in common; 

without assigning to every one his peculiar part。  Though the  water running in the fountain be every one's; yet who can doubt;  but that in the pitcher is his only who drew it out?  His  labour hath taken it out of the hands of nature; where it was  common; and belonged equally to all her children; and hath  thereby appropriated it to himself。      Sec。 30。  Thus this law of reason makes the deer that  Indian's who hath killed it; it is allowed to be his goods; who  hath bestowed his labour upon it; though before it was the common  right of every one。  And amongst those who are counted the  civilized part of mankind; who have made and multiplied positive  laws to determine property; this original law of nature; for  the beginning of property; in what was before common; still  takes place; and by virtue thereof; what fish any one catches in  the ocean; that great and still remaining common of mankind; or  what ambergrise any one takes up here; is by the labour that  removes it out of that common state nature left it in; made his  property; who takes that pains about it。  And even amongst us;  the hare that any one is hunting; is thought his who pursues her  during the chase: for being a beast that is still looked upon as  common; and no man's private possession; whoever has employed so  much labour about any of that kind; as to find and pursue her;  has thereby removed her from the state of nature; wherein she was  common; and hath begun a property。      Sec。 31。  It will perhaps be objected to this; that if  gathering the acorns; or other fruits of the earth; &c。 makes a  right to them; then any one may ingross as much as he will。  To  which I answer; Not so。  The same law of nature; that does by  this means give us property; does also bound that property  too。  God has given us all things richly; 1 Tim。  vi。  12。  is  the voice of reason confirmed by inspiration。  But how far has he  given it us?  To enjoy。  As much as any one can make use of to  any advantage of life before it spoils; so much he may by his  Tabour fix a property in: whatever is beyond this; is more than  his share; and belongs to others。  Nothing was made by God for  man to spoil or destroy。  And thus; considering the plenty of 
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