second treatise of government-第35章

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　goods　of　his　wife　and　　children；　they　too　had　a　title　to　the　goods　he　enjoyed；　and　their　　shares　in　the　estate　he　possessed：　for　example；　I　in　the　state　of　　nature　（and　all　commonwealths　are　in　the　state　of　nature　one　with　　another）　have　injured　another　man；　and　refusing　to　give　　satisfaction；　it　comes　to　a　state　of　war；　wherein　my　defending　by　　force　what　I　had　gotten　unjustly；　makes　me　the　aggressor。　　I　am　　conquered：　my　life；　it　is　true；　as　forfeit；　is　at　mercy；　but　not　　my　wife's　and　children's。　　They　made　not　the　war；　nor　assisted　in　　it。　　I　could　not　forfeit　their　lives；　they　were　not　mine　to　　forfeit。　　My　wife　had　a　share　in　my　estate；　that　neither　could　I　　forfeit。　　And　my　children　also；　being　born　of　me；　had　a　right　to　　be　maintained　out　of　my　labour　or　substance。　　Here　then　is　the　　case：　the　conqueror　has　a　title　to　reparation　for　damages　　received；　and　the　children　have　a　title　to　their　father's　estate　　for　their　subsistence：　for　as　to　the　wife's　share；　whether　her　　own　labour；　or　compact；　gave　her　a　title　to　it；　it　is　plain；　her　　husband　could　not　forfeit　what　was　her's。　　What　must　be　done　in　　the　case？　　I　answer；　the　fundamental　law　of　nature　being；　that　　all；　as　much　as　may　be；　should　be　preserved；　it　follows；　that　if　　there　be　not　enough　fully　to　satisfy　both；　viz；　for　the　　conqueror's　losses；　and　children's　maintenance；　he　that　hath；　and　　to　spare；　must　remit　something　of　his　full　satisfaction；　and　give　　way　to　the　pressing　and　preferable　title　of　those　who　are　in　　danger　to　perish　without　it。　　　　　　Sec。　184。　　But　supposing　the　charge　and　damages　of　the　war　　are　to　be　made　up　to　the　conqueror；　to　the　utmost　farthing；　and　　that　the　children　of　the　vanquished；　spoiled　of　all　their　　father's　goods；　are　to　be　left　to　starve　and　perish；　yet　the　　satisfying　of　what　shall；　on　this　score；　be　due　to　the　conqueror；　　will　scarce　give　him　a　title　to　any　country　he　shall　conquer：　for　　the　damages　of　war　can　scarce　amount　to　the　value　of　any　　considerable　tract　of　land；　in　any　part　of　the　world；　where　all　　the　land　is　possessed；　and　none　lies　waste。　　And　if　I　have　not　　taken　away　the　conqueror's　land；　which；　being　vanquished；　it　is　　impossible　I　should；　scarce　any　other　spoil　I　have　done　him　can　　amount　to　the　value　of　mine；　supposing　it　equally　cultivated；　and　　of　an　extent　any　way　coming　near　what　I　had　overrun　of　his。　　The　　destruction　of　a　year's　product　or　two　（for　it　seldom　reaches　　four　or　five）　is　the　utmost　spoil　that　usually　can　be　done：　for　　as　to　money；　and　such　riches　and　treasure　taken　away；　these　are　　none　of　nature's　goods；　they　have　but　a　fantastical　imaginary　　value：　nature　has　put　no　such　upon　them：　they　are　of　no　more　　account　by　her　standard；　than　the　wampompeke　of　the　Americans　to　　an　European　prince；　or　the　silver　money　of　Europe　would　have　been　　formerly　to　an　American。　　And　five　years　product　is　not　worth　the　　perpetual　inheritance　of　land；　where　all　is　possessed；　and　none　　remains　waste；　to　be　taken　up　by　him　that　is　disseized：　which　　will　be　easily　granted；　if　one　do　but　take　away　the　imaginary　　value　of　money；　the　disproportion　being　more　than　between　five　

and　five　hundred；　though；　at　the　same　time；　half　a　year's　product　　is　more　worth　than　the　inheritance；　where　there　being　more　land　　than　the　inhabitants　possess　and　make　use　of；　any　one　has　liberty　　to　make　use　of　the　waste：　but　there　conquerors　take　little　care　　to　possess　themselves　of　the　lands　of　the　vanquished；　No　damage　　therefore；　that　men　in　the　state　of　nature　（as　all　princes　and　　governments　are　in　reference　to　one　another）　suffer　from　one　　another；　can　give　a　conqueror　power　to　dispossess　the　posterity　　of　the　vanquished；　and　turn　them　out　of　that　inheritance；　which　　ought　to　be　the　possession　of　them　and　their　descendants　to　all　　generations。　　The　conqueror　indeed　will　be　apt　to　think　himself　　master：　and　it　is　the　very　condition　of　the　subdued　not　to　be　　able　to　dispute　their　right。　　But　if　that　be　all；　it　gives　no　　other　title　than　what　bare　force　gives　to　the　stronger　over　the　　weaker：　and；　by　this　reason；　he　that　is　strongest　will　have　a　　right　to　whatever　he　pleases　to　seize　on。　　　　　　Sec。　185。　　Over　those　then　that　joined　with　him　in　the　war；　　and　over　those　of　the　subdued　country　that　opposed　him　not；　and　　the　posterity　even　of　those　that　did；　the　conqueror；　even　in　a　　just　war；　hath；　by　his　conquest；　no　right　of　dominion：　they　are　　free　from　any　subjection　to　him；　and　if　their　former　government　　be　dissolved；　they　are　at　liberty　to　begin　and　erect　another　to　　themselves。　　　　　　Sec。　186。　　The　conqueror；　it　is　true；　usually；　by　the　force　　he　has　over　them；　compels　them；　with　a　sword　at　their　breasts；　to　　stoop　to　his　conditions；　and　submit　to　such　a　government　as　he　　pleases　to　afford　them；　but　the　enquiry　is；　what　right　he　has　to　　do　so？　　If　it　be　said；　they　submit　by　their　own　consent；　then　　this　allows　their　own　consent　to　be　necessary　to　give　the　　conqueror　a　title　to　rule　over　them。　　It　remains　only　to　be　　considered；　whether　promises　extorted　by　force；　without　right；　　can　be　thought　consent；　and　how　far　they　bind。　　To　which　I　shall　　say；　they　bind　not　at　all；　because　whatsoever　another　gets　from　　me　by　force；　I　still　retain　the　right　of；　and　he　is　obliged　　presently　to　restore。　　He　that　forces　my　horse　from　me；　ought　　presently　to　restore　him；　and　I　have　still　a　right　to　retake　him。　　　　By　the　same　reason；　he　that　forced　a　promise　from　me；　ought　　presently　to　restore　it；　i。e。　　quit　me　of　the　obligation　of　it；　　or　I　may　resume　it　myself；　i。e。　　chuse　whether　I　will　perform　it：　　for　the　law　of　nature　laying　an　obligation　on　me　only　by　the　　rules　she　prescribes；　cannot　oblige　me　by　the　violation　of　her　　rules：　such　is　the　extorting　any　thing　from　me　by　force。　　Nor　　does　it　at　all　alter　the　case　to　say；　I　gave　my　promise；　no　more　　than　it　excuses　the　force；　and　passes　the　right；　when　I　put　my　　hand　in　my　pocket；　and　deliver　my　purse　myself　to　a　thief；　who　　demands　it　with　a　pistol　at　my　breast。　　　　　　　　　Sec。　187。　　From　all　which　it　follows；　that　the　government　of　　a　conqueror；　imposed　by　force　on　the　subdued；　against　whom　he　had　　no　right　of　war；　or　who　joined　not　in　the　war　against　him；　where　　he　had　right；　has　no　obligation　upon　them。　　　　　　Sec。　188。　　But　let　us　suppose；　that　all　the　men　of　that　　community；　being　all　members　of　the　same　body　politic；　may　be　　taken　to　have　joined　in　that　unjust　war　wherein　they　are　subdued；　　and　so　their　lives　are　at　the　mercy　of　the　conqueror。　　　　　　Sec。　189。　　1　say；　this　concerns　not　their　children　who　are　　in　their　minority：　for　since　a　father　hath　not；　in　himself；　a　　power　over　the　life　or　liberty　of　his　child；　no　act　of　his　can　　possibly　forfeit　it。　　So　that　the　children；　whatever　may　have　　happened　to　the　fathers；　are　freemen；　and　the　absolute　power　of　　the　conqueror　reaches　no　farther　than　the　persons　of　the　men　that　　were　subdued　by　him；　and　dies　with　them：　and　should　he　govern　　them　as　slaves；　subjected　to　his　absolute　arbitrary　power；　he　has　　no　such　right　of　dominion　over　their　children。　　He　can　have　no　　power　over　them　but　by　their　own　consent；　whatever　he　may　drive　　them　to　say　or　do；　and　he　has　no　lawfull　authority；　whilst　force；　　and　not　choice；　compels　them　to　submission。

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