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l the melancholy truth。 We are fast dropping behind。 In mathematics we have long since drawn the rein； and given over a hopeless race。 In chemistry the case is not much better。 Who can tell us any thing of the Sulfo…salts？ Who will explain to us the laws of Isomorphism？ Nay； who among us has even verified Thenard's experiments on the oxygenated acids；Oersted's and Berzelius's on the radicals of the earths；Balard's and Serrulas's on the combinations of Brome；and a hundred other splendid trains of research in that fascinating science？ Nor need we stop here。 There are； indeed； few sciences which would not furnish matter for similar remark。 The causes are at once obvious and deep…seated； but this is not the place to discuss them。〃 MR。 HERSCHEL'S TREATISE ON SOUND； printed in the ENCYCLOPAEDIA METROPOLITANA。
With such authorities； I need not apprehend much doubt as to the fact of the decline of science in England： how far I may have pointed out some of its causes； must be left to others to decide。
Many attacks have lately been made on the conduct of various scientific bodies； and of their officers； and severe criticism has been lavished upon some of their productions。 Newspapers； Magazines； Reviews； and Pamphlets； have all been put in requisition for the purpose。 Odium has been cast upon some of these for being anonymous。 If a fact is to be established by testimony； anonymous assertion is of no value； if it can be proved； by evidence to which the public have access； it is of no consequence （for the cause of truth） who produces it。 A matter of opinion derives weight from the name which is attached to it； but a chain of reasoning is equally conclusive； whoever may be its author。
Perhaps it would be better for science； that all criticism should be avowed。 It would certainly have the effect of rendering it more matured； and less severe； but； on the other hand； it would have the evil of frequently repressing it altogether； because there exists amongst the lower ranks of science； a 〃GENUS IRRITABILE；〃 who are disposed to argue that every criticism is personal。 It is clearly the interest of all who fear inquiries； to push this principle as far as possible； whilst those whose sole object is truth； can have no apprehensions from the severest scrutiny。 There are few circumstances which so strongly distinguish the philosopher； as the calmness with which he can reply to criticisms he may think undeservedly severe。 I have been led into these reflections； from the circumstance of its having been stated publicly； that I was the author of several of those anonymous writings； which were considered amongst the most severe； and the assertion was the more likely to be credited； from the fact of my having spoken a few words connected with one of those subjects at the last anniversary of the Royal Society。 ＇I merely observed that the agreement made with the British Museum for exchanging the Arundel MSS。 for their duplicates； （which had just been stated by the President；） was UNWISE； because it was not to be expected that many duplicates should be found in a library like that of the Museum； weak in the physical and mathematical sciences： that it was IMPROVIDENT and UNBUSINESSLIKE；because it neither fixed the TIME when the difference was to be paid； in case their duplicates should be insufficient； nor did it appear that there were any FUNDS out of which the money could be procured： and I added； that it would be more advantageous to sell the MSS。； and purchase the books we wanted with the produce。＇ I had hoped in that diminutive world； the world of science； my character had been sufficiently known to have escaped being the subject of such a mistake； and； in taking this opportunity of correcting it； I will add that； in the present volume； I have thought it more candid to mention distinctly those whose line of conduct I have disapproved； or whose works I have criticised； than to leave to the reader inferences which he might make far more extensive than I have intended。 I hope； therefore； that where I have depicted species； no person will be so unkind to others and unjust to me； as to suppose I have described individuals。
With respect to the cry against personality； which has been lately set up to prevent all inquiry into matters of scientific misgovernment； a few words will suffice。
I feel as strongly as any one； not merely the impropriety； but the injustice of introducing private character into such discussions。 There is； however； a maxim too well established to need any comment of mine。 The public character of every public servant is legitimate subject of discussion； and his fitness or unfitness for office may be fairly canvassed by any person。 Those whose too sensitive feelings shrink from such an ordeal； have no right to accept the emoluments of office； for they know that it is the condition to which all must submit who are paid from the public purse。
The same principle is equally applicable to Companies； to Societies； and to Academies。 Those from whose pocket the salary is drawn； and by whose appointment the officer was made； have always a right to discuss the merits of their officers； and their modes of exercising the duties they are paid to perform。
This principle is equally applicable to the conduct of a Secretary of State； or to that of a constable； to that of a Secretary of the Royal Society； or of an adviser to the Admiralty。
With respect to honorary officers； the case is in some measure different。 But the President of a society； although not recompensed by any pecuniary remuneration； enjoys a station； when the body over which he presides possesses a high character； to which many will aspire； who will esteem themselves amply repaid for the time they devote to the office； by the consequence attached to it in public estimation。 He； therefore； is answerable to the Society for his conduct in their chair。
There are several societies in which the secretaries； and other officers； have very laborious duties； and where they are unaided by a train of clerks； and yet no pecuniary remuneration is given to them。 Science is much indebted to such men； by whose quiet and unostentatious labours the routine of its institutions is carried on。 It would be unwise； as well as ungrateful； to judge severely of the inadvertencies； or even of the negligence of such persons： nothing but weighty causes should justify such a course。
Whilst； however； I contend for the principle of discussion and inquiry in its widest sense； because I consider it equally the safeguard of our scientific as of our political institutions； I shall use it； I hope； temperately； and having no personal feelings myself； but living in terms of intercourse with almost all； and of intimacy with several of those from whom I most widely differ； I shall not attempt to heap together all the causes of complaint； but； by selecting a few in different departments； endeavour to convince them that some alteration is essentially necessary for the promotion of that very object which we both by such different roads pursue。
I have found it necessary； in the course of this volume； to speak of the departed； for the misgovernment of the Royal Society has not been