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to meet the losses which made it impossible for them to compete with the ships of other countries； some having subsidies and all under cheaper expenses of operation。 It would not all be a contribution because part of it was a legitimate charge for carrying the mails。 The word subsidy； however； could be relied upon to start a flood of fiery oratory； charging that the people of the United States were to be taxed to pour money into the pockets of speculators in New York and financial crooks in Wall Street。
We have now created a mercantile marine through the Shipping Board which is the wonder and amazement of the world。 It has cost about five hundred millions。 Part of it is junk already； and a part available is run at immense loss； owing to discriminatory laws。 Recently a bill was presented to Congress for something like sixty millions of dollars to make up the losses in the operations of our mercantile marine for the year。 While a subsidy of four millions under private management would have been a success but was vetoed as a crime； the sixty millions are hailed as a patriotic contribution to public necessity。
A river and harbor bill of from thirty to fifty millions of dollars was eagerly anticipated and enthusiastically supported。 It was known to be a give and take； a swap and exchange； where a few indispensable improvements had to carry a large number of dredgings of streams； creeks； and bayous； which never could be made navigable。 Many millions a year were thrown away in these river and harbor bills； but four millions a year to restore the American mercantile marine aroused a flood of indignant eloquence； fierce protest； and wild denunciation of capitalists； who would build and own ships； and it was always fatal to the mercantile marine。
Happily the war has； among its benefits； demonstrated to the interior and mountain States that a merchant marine is as necessary to the United States as its navy； and that we cannot hope to expand and retain our trade unless we have the ships。
I remember one year when the river and harbor bill came up for passage on the day before final adjournment。 The hour had been fixed by both Houses； and； therefore； could not be extended by one House。 The administration was afraid of the bill because of the many indefensible extravagances there were in it。 At the same time； it had so many political possibilities that the president was afraid to veto it。 Senator Carter was always a loyal administration man； and so he was put forward to talk the bill to death。 He kept it up without yielding the floor for thirteen hours； and until the hour of adjournment made action upon the measure impossible。
I sat there all night long； watching this remarkable effort。 The usual obstructor soon uses up all his own material and then sends pages of irrelevant matter to the desk for the clerk to read； or he reads himself from the pages of the Record； or from books； but Carter stuck to his text。 He was a man of wit and humor。 Many items in the river and harbor bill furnished him with an opportunity of showing how creeks and trout streams were to be turned by the magic of the money of the Treasury into navigable rivers； and inaccessible ponds were to be dredged into harbors to float the navies of the world。
The speech was very rich in anecdotes and delightful in its success by an adroit attack of tempting a supporter of the measure into aiding the filibuster by indignantly denying the charge which Carter had made against him。 By this method Carter would get a rest by the folly of his opponent。 The Senate was full and the galleries were crowded during the whole night； and when the gavel of the vice…president announced that no further debate was admissible and the time for adjournment had arrived； and began to make his farewell speech； Carter took his seat amidst the wreck of millions and the hopes of the exploiters； and the Treasury of the United States had been saved by an unexpected champion。
The country does not appreciate the tremendous power of the committees； as legislative business constantly increases with almost geometrical progression。 The legislation of the country is handled almost entirely in committees。 It requires a possible revolution to overcome the hostility of a committee； even if the House and the country are otherwise minded。 Some men whose names do not appear at all in the Congressional Record； and seldom in the newspapers； have a certain talent for drudgery and detail which is very rare； and when added to shrewdness and knowledge of human nature makes such a senator or representative a force to be reckoned with on committees。 Such a man is able to hold up almost anything。
I found during my Washington life the enormous importance of its social side。 Here are several hundred men in the two Houses of Congress； far above the average in intelligence； force of character； and ability to accomplish things。 Otherwise they would not have been elected。 They are very isolated and enjoy far beyond those who have the opportunity of club life； social attentions。 At dinner the real character of the guest comes out； and he is most responsive to these attentions。 Mrs。 Depew and I gave a great many dinners； to our intense enjoyment and； I might say； education。 By this method I learned to know in a way more intimate than otherwise would have been possible many of the most interesting characters I have ever met。
Something must be done； and that speedily； to bridge the widening chasm between the Executive and the Congress。 Our experience with President Wilson has demonstrated this。 As a self…centred autocrat； confident of himself and suspicious of others； hostile to advice or discussion； he became the absolute master of the Congress while his party was in the majority。
The Congress； instead of being a co…ordinate branch； was really in session only to accept； adopt； and put into laws the imperious will of the president。 When； however； the majority changed； there being no confidence between the executive and the legislative branch of the government； the necessary procedure was almost paralyzed。 The president was unyielding and the Congress insisted upon the recognition of its constitutional rights。 Even if the president is； as McKinley was； in close and frequent touch with the Senate and the House of Representatives； the relation is temporary and unequal； and not what it ought to be； automatic。
Happily we have started a budget system； but the Cabinet should have seats on the floor of the Houses； and authority to answer questions and participate in debates。 Unless our system was radically changed； we could not adopt the English plan of selecting the members of the Cabinet entirely from the Senate and the House。 But we could have an administration always in close touch with the Congress if the Cabinet members were in attendance when matters affecting their several departments were under discussion and action。
I heard Senator Nelson W。 Aldrich； who was one of the shrewdest and ablest legislators of our generation； say that if business methods were applied to the business of the government in a way in which he could do it； there would be a saving of three hundred millions o